Mutant Peptides And Methods Of Treating Subjects Using The Same

ABSTRACT

The disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising any one or combination of PIF peptides or analogs or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Methods of treating autoimmune disease using the one or a combination of PIF peptide or analogs thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is also disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/756,454 filed Feb. 28, 2018, which is a U.S. National Stage entry under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2016/022725 filed on Mar. 16, 2016, which claims priority to and benefit of International Application Serial No. PCT/US15/58877, filed Nov. 3, 2015, entitled “PIF Binding as a Marker for Immune Dysregulation,” International Application Serial No. PCT/US15/50532 filed Sep. 16, 2015, entitled “Compositions and Methods for Treating Acute Radiation Syndrome”, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/211,660 filed Aug. 28, 2015, entitled “Compositions and Methods for the Treatment of Neurodamage”. The contents of each application are incorporated herein by reference in their respective entireties.

SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING

This Application incorporates a sequence listing filed in electronic format via EFS. The Sequence Listing is titled 37928-0026U3_SequenceListing.txt. The size of the text file is 13 KB and the file was created on Oct. 10, 2022.

TECHNOLOGY FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to compositions and methods for treatment of neurotrauma, which refers to injury to a peripheral or nerve, especially part of the central nervous system (the brain and/or spinal cord), and autoimmune disorders. The disclosure also relates to pre-implantation factor (PIF) mutants and methods of treatment using the same, including the treatment of neurotrauma and autoimmune disorders

BACKGROUND

Endogenous Pre-Implantation Factor (PIF) is a 15 amino acid peptide (MVRIKPGSANKPSDD—SEQ ID NO: 11) expressed by the embryo/fetus and placenta and is present in circulation of viable mammals throughout pregnancy starting post fertilization, playing a critical determining role to create and maternal tolerance without immune suppression. PIF exerts broad neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. PIF regulates immunity, inflammation and transplant acceptance. By creating a favorable maternal milieu PIF specifically reduces neural damage while it promotes neural development, protecting against maternal adverse environment. PIF precisely targets proteins in the embryo to reduce oxidative stress and protein misfolding. In vivo PIF reduces spontaneous and LPS induced pregnancy loss by decreasing the pro-inflammatory response in the placenta. Consequently, PIF translation to use as a therapeutic drug in non-pregnant setting was and continues to be pursued.

It has been observed that PIF and synthetic PIF analogs (sPIF) have immune modulatory properties and such peptides are useful in the prevention and/or treatment of various immune-mediated diseases, including, but not limited to, autoimmune disorders, as well as various forms of neurotrauma, including, but not limited to, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) and/or peripheral nervous system (PNS). Compositions and methods for treating and/or preventing immune-mediated disorders and neurotrauma are provided herein.

SUMMARY

These observations concerning the ability of PIF and sPIF to modulate immune properties regulate inflammation and promote proper brain development correspond well to the medical needs of patients with trauma to the central nervous system. Compositions and methods for the treatment of patients with in need of treatment for are provided herein.

The present disclosure relates to a method of treating or preventing traumatic injury of the central nervous system in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject at least one pre-implantation factor (PIF) peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the step of administering to the subject at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises administering a therapeutically effective dose of the at least one PIF molecule, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the step of administering to the subject at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises administering a therapeutically effective dose of the PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg.

In some embodiments, the step of administering to the subject at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises administering a therapeutically effective dose of the PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg.

In some embodiments, the at least the PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises a chemical targeting moiety and/or a radioactive moiety.

In some embodiments, the at least one inhibitor of nuclear translocation of beta-catenin or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises at least one radioactive moiety comprising at least one or a combination of the following isotopes: ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁶O, ¹⁷O, ³¹P, ³²P ³⁵S, ¹⁸F and ³⁶Cl.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering at least one analgesic and/or one anti-inflammatory compound.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering at least one analgesic and or one anti-inflammatory compound before, after, or simultaneously with the administration of a therapeutically effective dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the traumatic injury to the central nervous system comprises a concussion.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is from about 1.0 mg/kg to about 5.5 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.

In some embodiments, the PIF peptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:2, and/or SEQ ID NO:3. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide comprises SEQ ID NO:10 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide comprises SEQ ID NO:5 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide comprises SEQ ID NO:6 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide comprises SEQ ID NO:7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide comprises SEQ ID NO:8 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide comprises SEQ ID NO:9 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present disclosure also relates to a method of treating or preventing traumatic brain injury in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising: pre-implantation factor (PIF) peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is sterile and pyrogen-free water.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is about 1.0 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is about 2.0 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is about 3.0 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is about 4.0 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is about 0.2 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is about 0.3 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is about 0.4 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is about 0.5 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is about 0.6 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is about 0.7 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is about 0.8 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.

The present disclosure also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising (i) a therapeutically effective dose of one or a combination of PIF peptide or analogs thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is sterile and pyrogen-free water or Lactated Ringer's solution.

In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a therapeutically effective dose of one or a plurality of active agents.

In some embodiments, the one or plurality of active agents is one or a combination of compounds chosen from: an anti-inflammatory compound, alpha-adrenergic agonist, antiarrhythmic compound, analgesic compound, and an anesthetic compound.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose of one or a combination of PIF peptide or analogs thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is about 1.0 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose of one or a combination of PIF peptide or analogs thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is about 2.0 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose of one or a combination of PIF peptide or analogs thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is about 3.0 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose of one or a combination of PIF peptide or analogs thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is about 4.0 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.

In some embodiments, wherein the therapeutically effective dose of one or a combination of PIF peptide or analogs thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is about 0.2 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose of one or a combination of PIF peptide or analogs thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is about 0.3 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose of one or a combination of PIF peptide or analogs thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is about 0.4 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose of one or a combination of PIF peptide or analogs thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is about 0.5 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose of one or a combination of PIF peptide or analogs thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is about 0.6 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose of one or a combination of PIF peptide or analogs thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is about 0.7 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.

In some embodiments, wherein the therapeutically effective dose of one or a combination of PIF peptide or analogs thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is about 0.8 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose of one or a combination of PIF peptide or analogs thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is about 0.9 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.

In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or a plurality of stem cells.

In some embodiments, the stem cell is an autologous stem cell.

The present disclosure also relates to a method of treating or preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising: pre-implantation factor (PIF) peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present disclosure also relates to a method of treating or preventing peripheral nerve injury in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising: pre-implantation factor (PIF) peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present disclosure also relates to method of treating or preventing Gaucher's disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising: pre-implantation factor (PIF) peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered via parenteral injection, subcutaneous injection, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, intraperitoneal injection, transdermally, orally, buccally, ocular routes, intravaginally, by inhalation, by depot injections, or by implants.

In some embodiments, the compositions further comprise one or a combination of active agents chosen from: an anti-inflammatory compound, alpha-adrenergic agonist, antiarrhythmic compound, analgesic compound, and an anesthetic compound.

In some embodiments, the one or combination of active agents is selected from Table Y.

The present disclosure also relates to a method of preserving microglial cell function comprising administering to the subject at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising: pre-implantation factor (PIF) peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present disclosure also relates to a method of treating or preventing vascular inflammation simultaneously with preserving microglial cell function comprising administering to the subject at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising: pre-implantation factor (PIF) peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present disclosure also relates to a method of improving the clinical outcome in a subject suffering with, diagnosed with or suspected of having peripheral or CNS neurotrauma comprising administering to the subject at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising: pre-implantation factor (PIF) peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present disclosure also relates to a method of treating or preventing Listeria monocytogenes infection, malaria, Lyme disease, cardiovascular disease, duodenal peptic ulcer, atherosclerosis, peritonitis or tuberculosis in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising:

a therapeutically effective amount of a PIF analog, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a crystal structure of PIF binding to the cortisone receptor at the cortisone-binding site. While PIF modulates the immune response, the protein also competes with cortisone.

FIG. 2 depicts a measurement of let-7a levels in two identified cell lines after exposure of the cells to a scrambled PIF negative control sequence (PIFscr), a synthetic PIF sequence (sPIF), and a mutated PIF sequence (m3PIF).

FIG. 3 depicts a fluorescent based thermal shift assay, showing the binding of two PIF mutants to the insulin degrading enzyme (IDE). Concentrations of the ligands 10 uM and 1 uM of the receptor, buffer consisting of 10 mM HEPES-HCL, 150 mM MaCl, and protein folding sensitive dye SyO 1:1000. The PIF(mutant-1) had a decreased Tm compared to the PIF(wt), suggesting higher affinity of binding to the receptor, while PIF(mutant-3) had an actually increased Tm, compared to the PIF(wt), suggesting decreased binding affinity of this mutant to the IDE.

FIG. 4 depicts a comparison of fluorescence measurements correlating the effect of PIF, PIF mutants (1 or 3) or cortisone on K+ flux inhibition in Jurkat T-cells.

FIGS. 5A-5G depict sPIF treatment results and proposed molecular pathways. FIG. 5A depicts sPIF treatment that resulted in neuronal rescue. FIG. 5B depicts sPIF treatment that resulted in reduced microglial activation in neuronal and microglial cells. FIG. 5C depicts sPIF co-localization in neuronal and microglial cells in vivo. FIG. 5D depicts sPIF reduction of let-7 levels Akt dependent in vivo. FIG. 5E depicts sPIF reduction of let-7 levels in the brain. FIG. 5F depicts sPIF induced reduction of apoptosis and promotion of neuroprotection in vivo. FIG. 5G depicts a diagram of proposed sPIF mediated molecular pathways.

FIG. 6 depicts sPIF concentration in adult intact brains. Healthy adult CD-1 mice were injected with sPIF (0.75 mg/kg body weight) subcutaneously every 12 hours (n=3 each time point). sPIF was detected using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. sPIF can be detected 1 hours after injection in brain tissue and the concentration does not change significantly after 26 (3 injections) and 28 hours (3 injections).

FIGS. 7 and 8 depict images of PIF effect on neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Animals were treated with LPS or NaCl on postnatal day 1. On the following day the sPIF treatment (0.75 mg/kg b.w. twice daily) was started for 5 days. LPS induces NPCs proliferation and differentiation (compared to healthy animals). sPIF induces increased NPCs proliferation and differentiation compared to NaCl or LPS treated animals. Braisns were removed following mice sacrifice and placed in MRI machine observing brain architecture comparing LPS with PIF+LPS and sham control. Expression of H19 was also examined.

FIGS. 9 and 10 depict PIF presence in the brain targeting microglia and neurons as demonstrated by anti-PIF monoclonal antibody staining. Also injected Rhodamine-PIF crosses the BBB reaching the brain. In contrast, at the same time point 12 h post-injection in the HIE model PIF is not found in the serum.

FIGS. 11 and 12 depict how PIF functions locally in the brain by regulating the phosphorylated 14-3-3 and PKA/PKC inflammatory pathways. Identifies specific PIF binding targets in the brain and the effect of PIF on their regulation comparing injured vs intact hemisphere in the HIE model.

FIGS. 13 and 14 depict a comparison of treatment in rodents following brain injury where stem cells are provided as a control and stem cells with PIF as therapy. Brain cells were stained with a marker for viability and inflammatory elements.

FIG. 15 depicts how PIF administration to animals prevents immune cell infiltration into the spinal cord in the EAE model (Weiss et al. 2012).

FIG. 16 depicts how PIF can reverse chronic paralysis over time in comparison to subcutaneous injection of Copaxone®. Effect on the clinical score.

FIG. 17 depicts how PIF was successful at treating chronic brain inflammation in an experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model.

FIGS. 18 and 19 depict how in an infectious-Smegamtis EAE model PIF administration to animals prevents pro-inflammatory immune cells infiltration into the brain. Also shows that FITC-PIF directly targets the brain and the spinal cord.

FIG. 20 depicts how two different mouse strains with a mutated TLR2 gene known to develop paralysis have reduced disease score when treated with PIF.

FIG. 21 depicts how PIF targets both the brain and the spinal cord in a smegmatis bacteria model.

FIG. 22 depicts a 0.3-3 mg/kg dose of PIF in a murine model for vascular disease. The data demonstrate that PIF is successful in reducing the volume of plaques in aortic roots of animals with a high fat diet.

FIG. 22 depicts a measurement of enzymatic activity in a Gaucher's disease model. PIF was able to increase the enzymatic defect of mucopolysaccharidosis.

FIG. 23 depicts the effect of PIF on hyperoxigenation (following neurotrauma) induced broncho-pulmonary dysplasia. The Mean pulmonary cord length (in μm) was reduced using PIF. *Significant to 0.005 ** significant to 0.01. This indicates that PIF cannot only reverse neurotrauma but also negates the damage caused by the obligatory exposure to high intensity oxygenation.

FIG. 24 depicts that chord length is a morphometric estimate of alveolar size (shorter is better) known to be increased in BPD.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

Before the present compositions and methods are described, it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the particular molecules, compositions, methodologies or protocols described, as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used in the description is for the purpose of describing the particular versions or embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure which will be limited only by the appended claims. It is understood that these embodiments are not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, cell lines, vectors, and reagents described, as these may vary. It also is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present embodiments or claims. The compositions described herein may include D amino acids, L amino acids, a racemic backbone of D and L amino acids, or any mixture thereof at each residue. That is, at each position, the residue may be a D amino acid residue or a L-amino acid residue and each position can be independently D or L of each other position, unless context dictates otherwise.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the present disclosure, the preferred methods, devices, and materials are now described. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated by reference. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the disclosure is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior disclosure.

As used herein, the phrase “in need thereof” means that the animal or mammal has been identified or suspected as having a need for the particular method or treatment. In some embodiments, the identification can be by any means of diagnosis or observation. In any of the methods and treatments described herein, the animal or mammal can be in need thereof. In some embodiments, the animal or mammal is in an environment or will be traveling to an environment in which a particular disorder or condition is prevalent or more likely to occur.

As used herein, the term “subject,” “individual” or “patient,” used interchangeably, means any animal, including mammals, such as mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or primates, such as humans.

As used herein, the terms “a” or “an” means that “at least one” or “one or more” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It must also be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a cell” is a reference to one or more cells and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

As used herein, the term “about” means that the numerical value is approximate and small variations would not significantly affect the practice of the disclosed embodiments.

Where a numerical limitation is used, unless indicated otherwise by the context, “about” means the numerical value can vary by 10% and remain within the scope of the disclosed embodiments. Where a numerical value is used with the term “about” the numerical value without the term “about” is also disclosed and can be used without the term “about.”

As used herein, the term “animal” includes, but is not limited to, humans and non-human vertebrates such as wild animals, rodents, such as rats, ferrets, and domesticated animals, and farm animals, such as horses, pigs, cows, sheep, goats. In some embodiments, the animal is a mammal. In some embodiments, the animal is a human. In some embodiments, the animal is a non-human mammal.

As used herein, the terms “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise”, “comprises”, and “comprised”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”), or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”), are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.

As used herein, the phrase “integer from X to Y” means any integer that includes the endpoints. That is, where a range is disclosed, each integer in the range including the endpoints is disclosed. For example, the phrase “integer from X to Y” discloses about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 as well as the range from about 1 to about 5.

As used herein, the term “mammal” means any animal in the class Mammalia such as rodent (i.e., a mouse, a rat, or a guinea pig), a monkey, a cat, a dog, a cow, a horse, a pig, or a human. In some embodiments, the mammal is a human.

As used herein, the phrase “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response that is being sought in a tissue, system, animal, individual or human by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician. The therapeutic effect is dependent upon the disorder being treated or the biological effect desired. As such, the therapeutic effect can be a decrease in the severity of symptoms associated with the disorder and/or inhibition (partial or complete) of progression of the disorder, or improved treatment, healing, prevention or elimination of a disorder, or side-effects. The amount needed to elicit the therapeutic response can be determined based on the age, health, size and sex of the subject. Optimal amounts can also be determined based on monitoring of the subject's response to treatment.

As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treated,” or “treating” can refer to therapeutic treatment and/or prophylactic or preventative measures wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological condition, disorder or disease, or obtain beneficial or desired clinical results. For purposes of the embodiments described herein, beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms; diminishment of extent of condition, disorder or disease; stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of condition, disorder or disease; delay in onset or slowing of condition, disorder or disease progression;

amelioration of the condition, disorder or disease state or remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable; an amelioration of at least one measurable physical parameter, not necessarily discernible by the patient; or enhancement or improvement of condition, disorder or disease. Treatment can also include eliciting a clinically significant response without excessive levels of side effects. Treatment also includes prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment. Thus, “treatment of a traumatic brain injury” means an activity that prevents, alleviates or ameliorates any of the primary phenomena or secondary symptoms associated with the traumatic brain injury.

This application describes compounds and methods of administering those compounds to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, “preimplantation factor” or “PIF” may also refer to synthetic PIF-1, which replicates the native peptide's effect and exerts potent immune modulatory effects on activated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and cytokine secretion, acting through novel sites on PBMCs and having an effect which is distinct from known immunosuppressive drugs. In some embodiments, “preimplantation factor” or “PIF” or “PIF analog” refers to an amino acid selected from SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, or peptidomimetics thereof, and combinations thereof that are about 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% homologous to any such amino acid.

Without being bound by any particular theory, the compounds described herein may act as agonists of PIF-mediated signal transduction via the receptor or receptors of PIF. Thus, these compounds modulate signaling pathways that provide significant therapeutic benefit in the treatment of, but not limited to, traumatic brain injury, such as concussion, and BPD. The compounds of the present disclosure may exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. The compounds of the present disclosure also are capable of forming both pharmaceutically acceptable salts, including but not limited to acid addition and/or base addition salts. Furthermore, compounds of the present disclosure may exist in various solid states including an amorphous form (non-crystalline form), and in the form of clathrates, prodrugs, polymorphs, bio-hydrolyzable esters, racemic mixtures, non-racemic mixtures, or as purified stereoisomers including, but not limited to, optically pure enantiomers and diastereomers. In general, all of these forms can be used as an alternative form to the free base or free acid forms of the compounds, as described above and are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present disclosure.

A “polymorph” refers to solid crystalline forms of a compound. Different polymorphs of the same compound can exhibit different physical, chemical and/or spectroscopic properties. Different physical properties include, but are not limited to stability (e.g., to heat or light), compressibility and density (important in formulation and product manufacturing), and dissolution rates (which can affect bioavailability). Different physical properties of polymorphs can affect their processing. The disclosure relates to a polymorph of any of the disclosed PIF peptides.

As noted above, the compounds of the present disclosure can be administered, inter alia, as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, amides or prodrugs. The term “salts” refers to inorganic and organic salts of compounds of the present disclosure. The salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of a compound, or by separately reacting a purified compound in its free base or acid form with a suitable organic or inorganic base or acid and isolating the salt thus formed. Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, palmitiate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts, and the like. The salts may include cations based on the alkali and alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like, as well as non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations including, but not limited to, ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethylamine, and the like. See, for example, S. M. Berge, et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J Pharm Sci, 66: 1-19 (1977). The term “salt” refers to acidic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids, as well as basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic bases. Examples of these acids and bases are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such acid addition salts will normally be pharmaceutically acceptable although salts of non-pharmaceutically acceptable acids may be of utility in the preparation and purification of the compound in question. Salts include those formed from hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, phosphoric, citric, tartaric, lactic, pyruvic, acetic, succinic, fumaric, maleic, methanesulphonic and benzenesulphonic acids.

In some embodiments, salts of the compositions comprising either a PIF or PIF analog or PIF mutant may be formed by reacting the free base, or a salt, enantiomer or racemate thereof, with one or more equivalents of the appropriate acid. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical acceptable salts of the present disclosure refer to analogs having at least one basic group or at least one basic radical. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical acceptable salts of the present disclosure comprise a free amino group, a free guanidino group, a pyrazinyl radical, or a pyridyl radical that forms acid addition salts. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical acceptable salts of the present disclosure refer to analogs that are acid addition salts of the subject compounds with (for example) inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or a phosphoric acid, or with suitable organic carboxylic or sulfonic acids, for example aliphatic mono- or di-carboxylic acids, such as trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, hydroxymaleic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid or oxalic acid, or amino acids such as arginine or lysine, aromatic carboxylic acids, such as benzoic acid, 2-phenoxy-benzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, aromatic-aliphatic carboxylic acids, such as mandelic acid or cinnamic acid, heteroaromatic carboxylic acids, such as nicotinic acid or isonicotinic acid, aliphatic sulfonic acids, such as methane-, ethane- or 2-hydroxyethane-sulfonic acid, or aromatic sulfonic acids, for example benzene-, p-toluene- or naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid. When several basic groups are present mono- or poly-acid addition salts may be formed. The reaction may be carried out in a solvent or medium in which the salt is insoluble or in a solvent in which the salt is soluble, for example, water, dioxane, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether, or a mixture of solvents, which may be removed in vacuo or by freeze drying. The reaction may also be a metathetical process or it may be carried out on an ion exchange resin. In some embodiments, the salts may be those that are physiologically tolerated by a patient. Salts according to the present disclosure may be found in their anhydrous form or as in hydrated crystalline form (i.e., complexed or crystallized with one or more molecules of water).

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable esters of the compounds of the present disclosure include C₁-C₈ alkyl esters. Acceptable esters also include C₅-C₇ cycloalkyl esters, as well as arylalkyl esters such as benzyl. C₁-C₄ alkyl esters are commonly used. Esters of compounds of the present disclosure may be prepared according to methods that are well known in the art. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable amides of the compounds of the present disclosure include amides derived from ammonia, primary C₁-C₈ alkyl amines, and secondary C₁-C₈ dialkyl amines. In the case of secondary amines, the amine may also be in the form of a 5 or 6 membered heterocycloalkyl group containing at least one nitrogen atom. Amides derived from ammonia, C₁-C₃ primary alkyl amines and C₁-C₂ dialkyl secondary amines are commonly used. Amides of the compounds of the present disclosure may be prepared according to methods well known to those skilled in the art.

“Administering” when used in conjunction with a therapeutic means to administer a therapeutic directly into or onto a target tissue or to administer a therapeutic to a patient whereby the therapeutic positively impacts the tissue to which it is targeted. Thus, as used herein, the term “administering”, when used in conjunction with PIF, can include, but is not limited to, providing PIF peptide into or onto the target tissue; providing PIF peptide systemically to a patient by, e.g., intravenous injection whereby the therapeutic reaches the target; providing PIF peptide in the form of the encoding sequence thereof to the target (e.g., by so-called gene-therapy techniques). “Administering” a composition may be accomplished by parenteral, oral or topical administration.

As used herein, the terms “pharmaceutically acceptable”, “physiologically tolerable” and grammatical variations thereof, as they refer to compositions, carriers, diluents and reagents, are used interchangeably and represent that the materials are capable of administration upon a mammal without the production of undesirable physiological effects such as nausea, dizziness, rash, or gastric upset. In a preferred embodiment, the therapeutic composition is not immunogenic when administered to a subject for therapeutic purposes.

As used herein, the term “therapeutic” means an agent utilized to treat, combat, ameliorate, prevent or improve an unwanted condition or disease of a subject. In part, embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to treating, ameloriating, preventing or improving autoimmune disease.

A “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” or “physiologically relevant amount” of a composition is an amount calculated to achieve a desired effect, i.e., to effectively inhibit or reduce symptoms and/or complications associated with traumatic brain injury. Effective amounts of compounds of the present disclosure can objectively or subjectively reduce or decrease the severity or frequency of symptoms associated with traumatic brain injury, such as concussion. The specific dose of a compound administered according to this disclosure to obtain therapeutic and/or prophylactic effects will, of course, be determined by the particular circumstances surrounding the case, including, for example, the compound administered, the route of administration, and the condition being treated. The compounds are effective over a wide dosage range and, for example, dosages per day will normally fall within the range of from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, more preferably about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose of PIF or PIF analog or peptide is about 0.1 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, 0.4 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 0.6 mg/kg, 0.7 mg/kg, 0.8 mg/kg, 0.9 mg/kg, and 1 mg/kg, where “mg” is milligram of PIF analog or peptide “kg” is kilogram of the subject.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a therapeutically effective amount of PIF peptide or analog but the composition is free of SEQ ID NO:11 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

It will be understood that the effective amount administered will be determined by the physician in the light of the relevant circumstances including the condition to be treated, the choice of compound to be administered, and the chosen route of administration, and therefore the above dosage ranges are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure in any way. A therapeutically effective amount of compound of this disclosure is typically an amount such that when it is administered in a physiologically tolerable excipient composition, it is sufficient to achieve an effective systemic concentration or local concentration in the tissue. In some embodiments, the term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein, refers to that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated. In one aspect, the therapeutically effective amount is that which may treat or alleviate the disease or symptoms of the disease at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. However, it is to be understood that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions described herein may be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically-effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, gender and diet of the patient: the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidentally with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known to the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician of ordinary skill.

It is also appreciated that the therapeutically effective amount, whether referring to monotherapy or combination therapy, is advantageously selected with reference to any toxicity, or other undesirable side effect, that might occur during administration of one or more of the compounds described herein. Further, it is appreciated that the co-therapies described herein may allow for the administration of lower doses of compounds that show such toxicity, or other undesirable side effect, where those lower doses are below thresholds of toxicity or lower in the therapeutic window than would otherwise be administered in the absence of a co-therapy.

As used herein, “central nervous system” or CNS refers to the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is encased in the skill and protected by the cranium. The spinal cord is continuous with and lies caudally to the brain, and is protected by the vertebra. The spinal cord reaches from the base of the skull, continues through or starting below the foramen magnum, and terminates roughly level with the first or second lumbar vertebra. Arguably, the retina, the optic nerve, the olfactory epithelium, and the olfactory nerves are a part of the CNS, as they synapse directly on to brain tissue without intermediate ganglia. In contrast, the “peripheral nervous system” or PNS is the part of the nervous system that consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain spinal cord. The PNS connects the CNS to the limbs and organs of the body, serving as a communication relay. Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the bones of the vertebra or skull, which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries.

As used herein, the term “composition” generally refers to any product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. It is to be understood that the compositions described herein may be prepared from isolated compounds described herein or from salts, solutions, hydrates, solvates, and other forms of the compounds described herein. It is also to be understood that the compositions may be prepared from various amorphous, non-amorphous, partially crystalline, crystalline, and/or other morphological forms of the compounds described herein. It is also to be understood that the compositions may be prepared from various hydrates and/or solvates of the compounds described herein. Accordingly, such pharmaceutical compositions that recite compounds described herein are to be understood to include each of, or any combination of, the various morphological forms and/or solvate or hydrate forms of the compounds described herein.

Illustratively, compositions may include one or more carriers, diluents, and/or excipients. The compounds described herein, or compositions containing them, may be formulated in a therapeutically effective amount in any conventional dosage forms appropriate for the methods described herein. The compounds described herein, or compositions containing them, including such formulations, may be administered by a wide variety of conventional routes for the methods described herein, and in a wide variety of dosage formats, utilizing known procedures (see generally, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, (21st ed., 2005)).

The terms “treat,” “treated,” or “treating” as used herein refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological condition, disorder or disease, or to obtain beneficial or desired clinical results. For the purposes of this disclosure, beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms; diminishment of the extent of the condition, disorder or disease; stabilization (i.e., not worsening) of the state of the condition, disorder or disease; delay in onset or slowing of the progression of the condition, disorder or disease; amelioration of the condition, disorder or disease state; and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable, or enhancement or improvement of the condition, disorder or disease. Treatment includes eliciting a clinically significant response without excessive levels of side effects. Treatment also includes prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.

“Traumatic Brain Injury”, also known as the acronym TBI or intracranial injury, refers to a traumatic injury to the brain from an external force. TBI can be classified based on severity, mechanism (i.e. closed or penetrating), or location. TBI is a major cause of death and disability, especially in children and young adults. Causes of TBI include, but are not limited to, falls, vehicle accidence, and violence. Brain trauma can occur as a consequence of a focal impact upon the cranium, by a sudden acceleration/deceleration within the cranium, or by a complex combination of both movement and sudden impact. Damage caused by TBI includes primary injury (damaged cause at the moment of injury) and secondary injury (a variety of events that take place in the time following the injury). Secondary injury process include, but are not limited to, alterations in cerebral blood flow and pressure within the skull. TBI can cause a host of physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioral effects. TBI outcome can range from complete recovery to permanent disability or death. The force may be internal or external. For example, a traumatic brain injury can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue. Symptoms of a traumatic brain injury can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the extent of the damage to the brain.

“Spinal Cord Injury”, also known as the acronym SCI, refers to an injury to the spinal cord resulting in a change, either temporary or permanent, in the cord's normal motor, sensory, or autonomic function. Common causes of damage are trauma (car accident, gunshot, falls, sports injuries, etc.) or disease (transverse myelitis, polio, spina bifida, Friedreich's ataxia, etc.). The spinal cord does not have to be severed in order for a loss of function to occur. Depending on where the spinal cord and nerve roots are damaged, the symptoms can vary widely, from pain to paralysis to incontinence. Spinal cord injuries are described at various levels of “incomplete”, which can vary from having no effect on the patient to a “complete” injury which means a total loss of function. Treatment of spinal cord injuries starts with restraining the spine and controlling inflammation to prevent further damage. The actual treatment can vary widely depending on the location and extent of the injury. In many cases, spinal cord injuries require substantial physical therapy and rehabilitation, especially if the patient's injury interferes with activities of daily life. Research into treatments for spinal cord injuries includes controlled hypothermia and stem cells, though many treatments have not been studied thoroughly and very little new research has been implemented in standard care.

The term “concussion” as used herein refers to a type of traumatic brain injury that is caused by a direct or indirect mechanism, for example a direct blow to the head, face or neck or a blow elsewhere on the body with an “impulsive” force transmitted to the head. A concussion is characterized by an immediate and transient alteration in brain function, including alteration of mental status and level of consciousness. Diagnosis of concussion includes one or more of the following clinical domains. Symptoms include (a) somatic (e.g. Headache), cognitive (e.g. Feeling like in a fog, dullness) and/or emotional symptoms (e.g. lability, depression) (b) physical signs (e.g. loss of consciousness, amnesia, convulsions), (c) behavioral changes (e.g. irritability), (d) cognitive impairment (e.g. slowed reaction times), (e) sleep disturbance (e.g. drowsiness). Sequelae of concussion include recurrent concussion, migraine headaches, depression, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disability, sleep disorders, neurotransmitter production disturbance (e.g. dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, GABA).

“Disease” or “disorder” refers to an impairment of the normal function of an organism. As used herein, a disease may be characterized by the levels of primary or secondary injury causing the impairment of normal function.

“Immune-modulating” refers to the ability of a compound of the present disclosure to alter (modulate) one or more aspects of the immune system. The immune system functions to protect the organism from infection and from foreign antigens by cellular and humoral mechanisms involving lymphocytes, macrophages, and other antigen-presenting cells that regulate each other by means of multiple cell-cell interactions and by elaborating soluble factors, including lymphokines and antibodies, that have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects on immune cells.

“Auto-immune disease” refers to various diseases that arise from an abnormal immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. This may be restricted to certain organs or involve a particular tissue in different places. A large number of auto-immune diseases are recognized, including, but not limited to, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, pernicious anemia, Addison's disease, type I (insulin dependent) diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Reiter's syndrome, and Grave's disease, alopecia greata, anklosing spondylitis, antiphospholipid syndrome, auto-immune hemolytic anemia, auto-immune hepatitis, auto-immune inner ear disease, auto-immune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), auto-immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP), Behcet's disease, bullous pemphigoid, cardiomyopathy, celiac sprue-dermatitis, chronic fatigue syndrome immune deficiency syndrome (CFIDS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, cicatricial pemphigoid, cold agglutinin disease, CREST syndrome, Crohn's disease, Dego's disease, dermatomyositis, dermatomyositis, discoid lupus, essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, fibromyalgia-fibromyositis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), IgA nephropathy, juvenile arthritis, Meniere's disease, mixed connective tissue disease, pemphigus vulgaris, polyarteritis nodosa, polychondritis, polyglancular syndromes, polymyalgia rheumatica, polymyositis, primary agammaglobulinemia, primary biliary cirrhosis, psoriasis, Raynaud's phenomenon, rheumatic fever, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, stiff-man syndrome, Takayasu arteritis, temporal arteritis/giant cell arteritis, ulcerative colitis, uveitis, vasculitis, vitiligo, and Wegener's granulomatosis.

“Asthma” refers to a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the bronchial tubes, usually triggered or aggravated by allergens or contaminants. Asthma is characterized by constriction of the bronchial tubes, producing symptoms including, but not limited to, cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, excess production of mucus, and chest constriction

“Atopy” refers to the tendency to develop so-called “classic” allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis (hay fever), and asthma, and is associated with a capacity to produce an immunoglobulin E (IgE) response to common allergens. Atopy is often characterized by skin allergies including but not limited to eczema, urticaria, and atopic dermatitis. Atopy can be caused or aggravated by inhaled allergens, food allergens, and skin contact with allergens, but an atopic allergic reaction, may occur in areas of the body other than where contact with the allergan occurred. A strong genetic (inherited) component of atop is suggested by the observation that the majority of atopic dermatitis patients have at least one relative who suffers from eczema, asthma, or hay fever.

“Pollinosis,” “hay fever,” or “allergic rhinitis,” are terms that refer to an allergy characterized by sneezing, itchy and watery eyes, a runny nose and a burning sensation of the palate and throat. Others seasonal, pollinosis is usually caused by allergies to airborne substances such as pollen, and the disease can sometimes be aggravated in an individual by exposure to other allergens to which the individual is allergic.

“Collagen disease” or “connective tissue disease” refers to systemic diseases associated with defects in collagen, a major component of the connective tissue. In some embodiments, collagen diseases are forms of auto-immune diseases. Types of collagen diseases include, but are not limited to, lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, and polyarteritis nodosa.

“Inflammatory response” or “inflammation” is a general term for the local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and white blood cells initiated by physical injury, infection, or a local immune response. Inflammation is an aspect of many diseases and disorders, including but not limited to diseases related to immune disorders, viral infection, arthritis, autoimmune diseases, collagen diseases, allergy, asthma, pollinosis, and atopy. Inflammation is characterized by rubor (redness), dolor (pain), calor (heat) and tumor (swelling), reflecting changes in local blood vessels leading to increased local blood flow which causes heat and redness, migration of leukocytes into surrounding tissues (extravasation), and the exit of fluid and proteins from the blood and their local accumulation in the inflamed tissue, which results in swelling and pain, as well as the accumulation of plasma proteins that aid in host defense. These changes are initiated by cytokines produced by activated macrophages. Inflammation is often accompanied by loss of function due to replacement of parenchymal tissue with damaged tissue (e.g., in damaged myocardium), reflexive disuse due to pain, and mechanical constraints on function, e.g., when a joint swells during acute inflammation, or when scar tissue bridging an inflamed joint contracts as it matures into a chronic inflammatory lesion.

“Anti-inflammatory” define Regulation of inflammation not only anti-inflammatory refers to the ability of a compound to prevent or reduce the inflammatory response, or to soothe inflammation by reducing the symptoms of inflammation such as redness, pain, heat, or swelling. Inflammatory responses can be triggered by injury, for example injury to skin, muscle, tendons, or nerves. Inflammatory responses can also be triggered as part of an immune response. Inflammatory responses can also be triggered by infection, where pathogen recognition and tissue damage can initiate an inflammatory response at the site of infection. Generally, infectious agents induce inflammatory responses by activating innate immunity. Inflammation combats infection by delivering additional effector molecules and cells to augment the killing of invading microorganisms by the front-line macrophages, by providing a physical barrier preventing the spread of infection, and by promoting repair of injured tissue. “Inflammatory disorder” is sometimes used to refer to chronic inflammation due to any cause.

Inflammation triggered by various kinds of injuries to muscles, tendons or nerves caused by repetitive movement of a part of the body are generally referred to as repetitive strain injury (RSI). Diseases characterized by inflammation triggered by RSI include, but are not limited to, bursitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, Dupuytren's contracture, epicondylitis (e.g. “tennis elbow”), “ganglion” (inflammation in a cyst that has formed in a tendon sheath, usually occurring on the wrist) rotator cuff syndrome, tendinitis (e.g., inflammation of the Achilles tendon), tenosynovitis, and “trigger finger” (inflammation of the tendon sheaths of fingers or thumb accompanied by tendon swelling).

“Bronchopulmonary dysplasia”, also known as BPD or chronic lung disease of infancy, is a chronic lung disorder that develops in patients who receive prolonged mechanical ventilation of high oxygen delivery. Such prolonged delivery, especially in premature infants, causes necrotizing bronchiolitis and alveolar septal injury with inflammation and scarring. Mild cases of BPD can have uniformly dilated acini with thin alveolar septa and little or no interstitial fibrosis. BPD and other inflammation disorders of the lungs can afflict patient requiring ventilation and oxygen delivery for treatment of other disorders, for example, traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injuries.

“Gaucher's disease” is s genetic disease in which glucosylceramide accumulate in cells and certain organs. The disorder is characterized by bruising, fatigue, anemia, low blood platelets, and enlargement of the liver and spleen. Gaucher's disease is the most common lysosomal storage diseases, and is caused by a hereditary deficiency of the enzyme glucorcerebrosidase. This enzyme acts on the glucolipid glucocerebroside. When the enzyme is defective, glucosylceramide accumulates, particularly in white blood cells. Manifestations may include enlarged spleen and liver, liver malfunction, skeletal disorders and bone lesions that may be painful, severe neurologic complications, swelling of lymph nodes and adjacent joints, distended abdomen, a brownish tint to the skin, anemia, low blood platelets, and yellow fatty deposits on the white of the eyes. The disease is caused by a recessive nutation in a gene located on chromosome 1 and affects both males and females.

It is understood that the terms “immune disorder” and “inflammatory response” are not exclusive. It is understood that many immune disorders include acute (short term) or chronic (long term) inflammation. It is also understood that inflammation can have immune aspects and non-immune aspects. The role(s) of immune and nonimmune cells in a particular inflammatory response may vary with the type of inflammatory response, and may vary during the course of an inflammatory response. Immune aspects of inflammation and diseases related to inflammation can involve both innate and adaptive immunity. Certain diseases related to inflammation represent an interplay of immune and nonimmune cell interactions, for example intestinal inflammation (Fiocchi et al., 1997 Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 273: G769-G775), pneumonia (lung inflammation), or glomerulonephritis.

It is further understood that many diseases are characterized by both an immune disorder and an inflammatory response, such that the use of discrete terms “immune disorder” or “inflammatory response” is not intended to limit the scope of use or activity of the compounds of the present invention with respect to treating a particular disease. For example, arthritis is considered an immune disorder characterized by inflammation of joints, but arthritis is likewise considered an inflammatory disorder characterized by immune attack on joint tissues. Thus, the observation that a compound of the invention reduces the inflammation seen in an animal model of arthritis, does not limit the observed activity of the compound to anti-inflammatory activity. In a disease having both immune and inflammatory aspects, merely measuring the effects of a compound of the present invention of inflammation does not exclude the possibility that the compound may also have immune-modulating activity in the same disease. Likewise, in a disease having both immune and inflammatory aspects, merely measuring the effects of a compound of the present invention on immune responses does not exclude the possibility that the compound may also have anti-inflammatory activity in the same disease.

As used herein, “conservative” amino acid substitutions may be defined as set out in Tables A, B, or C below. The PIF compounds of the disclosure include those wherein conservative substitutions (from either nucleic acid or amino acid sequences) have been introduced by modification of polynucleotides encoding polypeptides of the disclosure. Amino acids can be classified according to physical properties and contribution to secondary and tertiary protein structure. A conservative substitution is recognized in the art as a substitution of one amino acid for another amino acid that has similar properties. In some embodiments, the conservative substitution is recognized in the art as a substitution of one nucleic acid for another nucleic acid that has similar properties, or, when encoded, has similar binding affinities or. Exemplary conservative substitutions are set out in Table A.

TABLE A Conservative Substitutions I Side Chain Characteristics Amino Acid Aliphatic Non-polar G A P I L V F Polar - uncharged C S T M N Q Polar - charged D E K R Aromatic H F W Y Other N Q D E

Alternately, conservative amino acids can be grouped as described in Lehninger, (Biochemistry, Second Edition; Worth Publishers, Inc. NY, N.Y. (1975), pp. 71-77) as set forth in Table B.

TABLE B Conservative Substitutions II Side Chain Characteristic Amino Acid Non-polar (hydrophobic) Aliphatic: A L I V P. Aromatic: F W Y Sulfur-containing: M Borderline: G Y Uncharged-polar Hydroxyl: S T Y Amides: N Q Sulfhydryl: C Borderline: G Y Positively Charged (Basic): K R H Negatively Charged (Acidic): D E

Alternately, exemplary conservative substitutions are set out in Table C.

TABLE C Conservative Substitutions III Original Residue Exemplary Substitution Ala (A) Val Leu Ile Met Arg (R) Lys His Asn (N) Gln Asp (D) Glu Cys (C) Ser Thr Gln (Q) Asn Glu (E) Asp Gly (G) Ala Val Leu Pro His (H) Lys Arg Ile (I) Leu Val Met Ala Phe Leu (L) Ile Val Met Ala Phe Lys (K) Arg His Met (M) Leu Ile Val Ala Phe (F) Trp Tyr Ile Pro (P) Gly Ala Val Leu Ile Ser (S) Thr Thr (T) Ser Trp (W) Tyr Phe Ile Tyr (Y) Trp Phe Thr Ser Val (V) Ile Leu Met Ala

It should be understood that the inhibitors described herein are intended to include nucleic acids and, where the inhibitors include polypeptide, polypeptides bearing one or more insertions, deletions, or substitutions, or any combination thereof, of amino acid residues as well as modifications other than insertions, deletions, or substitutions of amino acid residues.

As used herein, the terms “peptide,” “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably and refer to two or more amino acids covalently linked by an amide bond or non-amide equivalent. The peptides of the disclosure can be of any length. For example, the peptides can have from about two to about 100 or more residues, such as, 5 to 12, 12 to 15, 15 to 18, 18 to 25, 25 to 50, 50 to 75, 75 to 100, or more in length. Preferably, peptides are from about 2 to about 18 residues in length. The peptides of the disclosure also include l- and d-isomers, and combinations of l- and d-isomers. The peptides can include modifications typically associated with posttranslational processing of proteins, for example, cyclization (e.g., disulfide or amide bond), phosphorylation, glycosylation, carboxylation, ubiquitination, myristylation, or lipidation. In some embodiments, the compositions or pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure relate to analogs of any PIF sequence set forth in Table 1 that share no less than about 70%, about 75%, about 79%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 90%, about 93%, about 94% about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99% homology with any one or combination of PIF sequences set forth in Table 1. In some embodiments, PIF may refer to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or a functional fragment thereof that is about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% homologous to any such amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, PIF may refer to an amino acid sequence comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% homologous to SEQ ID. NO: 1. In some embodiments, the PIF mutant comprises a sequence selected from: MVXIKPGSANKPSDD, MVXIKPGSANKPSD, MVXIKPGSANKPS, MVXIKPGSANKP, MVXIKPGSANK, MVXIKPGSAN, MVXIKPGSA, MVXIKPGS, MVXIKPG, MVXIK, MVXI, or MVX wherein X is a non-natural amino acid or a naturally occurring amino acid.

Peptides disclosed herein further include compounds having amino acid structural and functional analogs, for example, peptidomimetics having synthetic or non-natural amino acids (such as a norleucine) or amino acid analogues or non-natural side chains, so long as the mimetic shares one or more functions or activities of compounds of the disclosure. The compounds of the disclosure therefore include “mimetic” and “peptidomimetic” forms. As used herein, a “non-natural side chain” is a modified or synthetic chain of atoms joined by covalent bond to the α-carbon atom, β-carbon atom, or γ-carbon atom which does not make up the backbone of the polypeptide chain of amino acids. The peptide analogs may comprise one or a combination of non-natural amino-acids chosen from: norvaline, tert-butylglycine, phenylglycine, He, 7-azatryptophan, 4-fluorophenylalanine, N-methyl-methionine, N-methyl-valine, N-methyl-alanine, sarcosine, N-methyl-tert-butylglycine, N-methyl-leucine, N-methyl-phenylglycine, N-methyl-isoleucine, N-methyl-tryptophan, N-methyl-7-azatryptophan, N-methyl-phenylalanine, N-methyl-4-fluorophenylalanine, N-methyl-threonine, N-methyl-tyrosine, N-methyl-valine, N-methyl-lysine, homocysteine, and Tyr; Xaa2 is absent, or an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Ala, D-Ala, N-methyl-alanine, Glu, N-methyl-glutamate, D-Glu, Gly, sarcosine, norleucine, Lys, D-Lys, Asn, D-Asn, D-Glu, Arg, D-Arg, Phe, D-Phe, N-methyl-phenylalanine, Gin, D-Gln, Asp, D-Asp, Ser, D-Ser, N-methyl-serine, Thr, D-Thr, N-methyl-threonine, D-Pro D-Leu, N-methyl-leucine, D-Ile, N-methyl-isoleucine, D-Val, N-methyl-valine, tert-butylglycine, D-tert-butylglycine, N-methyl-tert-butylglycine, Trp, D-Trp, N-methyl-tryptophan, D-Tyr, N-methyl-tyrosine, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid, 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid, 1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 4-aminotetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic acid, aminoisobutyric acid, (5)-2-amino-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)propanoic acid, Glu, Gly, N-methyl-glutamate, 2-amino pentanoic acid, 2-amino hexanoic acid, 2-amino heptanoic acid, 2-amino octanoic acid, 2-amino nonanoic acid, 2-amino decanoic acid, 2-amino undecanoic acid, 2-amino dodecanoic acid, octylglycine, tranexamic acid, aminovaleric acid, and 2-(2-aminoethoxy)acetic acid. The natural side chain, or R group, of an alanine is a methyl group. In some embodiments, the non-natural side chain of the composition is a methyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a deuterium atom. Non-natural side chains are disclosed in the art in the following publications: WO/2013/172954, WO2013123267, WO/2014/071241, WO/2014/138429, WO/2013/050615, WO/2013/050616, WO/2012/166559, US Application No. 20150094457, Ma, Z., and Hartman, M. C. (2012). In Vitro Selection of Unnatural Cyclic Peptide Libraries via mRNA Display. In J. A. Douthwaite & R. H. Jackson (Eds.), Ribosome Display and Related Technologies: Methods and Protocols (pp. 367-390). Springer New York., all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

The terms “mimetic,” “peptide mimetic” and “peptidomimetic” are used interchangeably herein, and generally refer to a peptide, partial peptide or non-peptide molecule that mimics the tertiary binding structure or activity of a selected native peptide or protein functional domain (e.g., binding motif or active site). These peptide mimetics include recombinantly or chemically modified peptides, as well as non-peptide agents such as small molecule drug mimetics, as further described below. The term “analog” refers to any polypeptide comprising at least one α-amino acid and at least one non-native amino acid residue, wherein the polypeptide is structurally similar to a naturally occurring full-length PIF protein and shares the biochemical or biological activity of the naturally occurring full-length protein upon which the analog is based. In some embodiments, the compositions, pharmaceutical compositions and kits comprise a peptide or peptidomimeic sharing share no less than about 70%, about 75%, about 79%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 90%, about 93%, about 94% about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99% homology with any one or combination of PIF sequences set forth in Table 1; and wherein one or a plurality of amino acid residues is a non-natural amino acid residue or an amino acid residue with a non-natural sidechain. In some embodiments, peptide or peptide mimetics are provided, wherein a loop is formed between two cysteine residues. In some embodiments, the peptidomimetic may have many similarities to natural peptides, such as: amino acid side chains that are not found among the known 20 proteinogenic amino acids, non-peptide-based linkers used to effect cyclization between the ends or internal portions of the molecule, substitutions of the amide bond hydrogen moiety by methyl groups (N-methylation) or other alkyl groups, replacement of a peptide bond with a chemical group or bond that is resistant to chemical or enzymatic treatments, N- and C-terminal modifications, and conjugation with a non-peptidic extension (such as polyethylene glycol, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleoside bases, various small molecules, or phosphate or sulfate groups). As used herein, the term “cyclic peptide mimetic” or “cyclic polypeptide mimetic” refers to a peptide mimetic that has as part of its structure one or more cyclic features such as a loop, bridging moiety, and/or an internal linkage. As used herein, the term “bridging moiety” refers to one or a series of bonded atoms that covalently link one or a plurality of amino acid side chains to one another within an amino acid sequence.

In some embodiments, peptide or peptide mimetics are provided, wherein the loop comprises a bridging moiety selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each X is independently N or CH, such that no ring contains more than 2 N; each Z is independently a bond, NR, O, S, CH2, C(O)NR, NRC(O), S(O)vNR, NRS(O)v; each m is independently selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3; each vis independently selected from 1 and 2; each R is independently selected from Hand C₁-C₆; and each bridging moiety is connected to the peptide by independently selected C₀-C₆ spacers.

In some embodiments, the PIF peptides of the disclosure are modified to produce peptide mimetics by replacement of one or more naturally occurring side chains of the 20 genetically encoded amino acids (or D amino acids) with other side chains, for instance with groups such as alkyl, lower alkyl, cyclic 4-, 5-, 6-, to 7 membered alkyl, amide, amide lower alkyl, amide di (lower alkyl), lower alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxy and the lower ester derivatives thereof, and with 4-, 5-, 6-, to 7 membered heterocyclics. For example, proline analogs can be made in which the ring size of the proline residue is changed from 5 members to 4, 6, or 7 members. Cyclic groups can be saturated or unsaturated, and if unsaturated, can be aromatic or nonaromatic. Heterocyclic groups can contain one or more nitrogen, oxygen, and/or sulphur heteroatoms. Examples of such groups include the furazanyl, furyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl (e.g. morpholino), oxazolyl, piperazinyl (e.g. 1-piperazinyl), piperidyl (e.g. 1-piperidyl, piperidino), pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl (e.g. 1-pyrrolidinyl), pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thiomorpholinyl (e.g. thiomorpholino), and triazolyl. These heterocyclic groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. Where a group is substituted, the substituent can be alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, oxygen, or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. Peptidomimetics may also have amino acid residues that have been chemically modified by phosphorylation, sulfonation, biotinylation, or the addition or removal of other moieties.

In a further embodiment a compound of the formula R₁-R₂-R₃-R₄-R₅-R₆-R₇-R₈-R₉-R₁₀-R₁₁-R₁₂-R₁₃-R₁₄-R₁₅, wherein R₁ is Met or a mimetic of Met, R₂ is Val or a mimetic of Val, R₃ is Arg or a mimetic of Arg, or any amino acid, R₄ is Ile or a mimetic of Ile, R₅ is Lys or a mimetic of Lys, R₆ is Pro or a mimetic of Pro, R₇ is Gly or a mimetic of Gly, R₈ is Ser or a mimetic of Ser, R₉ is Ala or a mimetic of Ala, R₁₀ is Asn or a mimetic of Asn, R₁₁ is Lys or a mimetic of Lys, R₁₂ is Pro or a mimetic of Pro, R₁₃ is Ser or a mimetic of Ser, R₁₄ is Asp or a mimetic of Asp and R₁₅ is Asp or a mimetic of Asp is provided. In a further embodiment, a compound comprising the formula R₁-R₂-R₃-R₄-R₅-R₆-R₇-R₈-R₉-R₁₀-R₁₁-R₁₂-R₁₃-R₁₄-R₁₅, wherein R₁ is a mimetic of the naturally occurring residue at position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, or SEQ ID NO:10 or the residue at that position of such sequences; wherein R₂ is a mimetic of the naturally occurring residue at position 2 of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, or SEQ ID NO:10 or the residue at that position of such sequences; wherein R₃ is a mimetic of the naturally occurring residue at position 3 of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, or SEQ ID NO:10 or the residue at that position of such sequences; wherein R₄ is a mimetic of the naturally occurring residue at position 4 of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, or SEQ ID NO:10 or the residue at that position of such sequences; wherein R₅ is a mimetic of the naturally occurring residue at position 5 of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, or SEQ ID NO:10 or the residue at that position of such sequences; wherein R₆ is a mimetic of the naturally occurring residue at position 6 of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, or SEQ ID NO:10 or the residue at that position of such sequences; wherein R₇ is a mimetic of the naturally occurring residue at position 7 of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, or SEQ ID NO:10 or the residue at that position of such sequences; wherein R₈ is a mimetic of the naturally occurring residue at position 5 of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, or SEQ ID NO:10 or the residue at that position of such sequences; wherein R₉ is a mimetic of the naturally occurring residue at position 9 of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, or SEQ ID NO:10 or the residue at that position of such sequences; wherein R₁₀ is a mimetic of the naturally occurring residue at position 10 of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, or SEQ ID NO:10 or the residue at that position of such sequences; wherein R₁₁ is a mimetic of the naturally occurring residue at position 11 of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, or SEQ ID NO:10 or the residue at that position of such sequences; wherein R₁₂ is a mimetic of the naturally occurring residue at position 12 of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10 or the residue at that position of such sequences; wherein R₁₃ is a mimetic of the naturally occurring residue at position 13 of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10 or the residue at that position of such sequences; wherein R₁₄ is a mimetic of the naturally occurring residue at position 14 of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO:9, or SEQ ID NO:10 or the residue at that position of such sequences; wherein R₁₅ is a mimetic of the naturally occurring residue at position 15 of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, or SEQ ID NO:10 or the residue at that position of such sequences.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprising the formula R₁-R₂-R₃-R₄-R₅-R₆-R₇-R₈-R₉-R₁₀-R₁₁-R₁₂-R₁₃-R₁₄-R₁₅-R₁₆-R₁₇-R₁₈, wherein R₁ is Ser or a mimetic of Ser, R₂ is Gly or a mimetic of Gly, R₃ is Ile or a mimetic of Ile, R₄ is Val or a mimetic of Val, R₅ is Ile or a mimetic of Ile, R₆ is Tyr or a mimetic of Tyr, R₇ is Gln or a mimetic of Gln, R₈ is Tyr or a mimetic of Tyr, R₉ is Met or a mimetic of Met, R₁₀ is Asp or a mimetic of Asp, R₁₁ is Asp or a mimetic of Asp, R₁₂ is Arg or a mimetic of Arg, R₁₃ is Tyr or a mimetic of Tyr, R₁₄ is Val or a mimetic of Val, R₁₅ is Gly or a mimetic of Gly, R₁₆ is Ser or a mimetic of Ser, R₁₇ is Asp or a mimetic of Asp and R₁₈ is Leu or a mimetic of Leu; and a compound comprising the formula R₁-R₂-R₃-R₄-R₅-R₆-R₇-R₈-R₉, wherein R₁ is Val or a mimetic of Val, R₂ is Ile or a mimetic of Ile, R₃ is Ile or a mimetic of Ile, R₄ is Ile or a mimetic of Ile, R₅ is Ala or a mimetic of Ala, R₆ is Gln or a mimetic of Gln, R₇ is Tyr or a mimetic of Tyr, R₈ is Met or a mimetic of Met, and R₉ is Asp or a mimetic of Asp is provided. In some embodiments, R₃ is not Arg or a mimetic of Arg.

A variety of techniques are available for constructing peptide mimetics with the same or similar desired biological activity as the corresponding native but with more favorable activity than the peptide with respect to solubility, stability, and/or susceptibility to hydrolysis or proteolysis (see, e.g., Morgan & Gainor, Ann. Rep. Med. Chem. 24,243-252, 1989). Certain peptidomimetic compounds are based upon the amino acid sequence of the peptides of the disclosure. Often, peptidomimetic compounds are synthetic compounds having a three dimensional structure (i.e. a “peptide motif”) based upon the three-dimensional structure of a selected peptide. The peptide motif provides the peptidomimetic compound with the desired biological activity, i.e., binding to PIF receptors, wherein the binding activity of the mimetic compound is not substantially reduced, and is often the same as or greater than the activity of the native peptide on which the mimetic is modeled. Peptidomimetic compounds can have additional characteristics that enhance their therapeutic application, such as increased cell permeability, greater affinity and/or avidity and prolonged biological half-life.

Peptidomimetic design strategies are readily available in the art (see, e.g., Ripka & Rich, Curr. Op. Chem. Bioi. 2,441-452, 1998; Hruby et al., Curr. Op. Chem. Bioi. 1,114-119, 1997; Hruby & Baise, Curr. Med. Chem. 9,945-970, 2000). One class of peptidomimetics a backbone that is partially or completely non-peptide, but mimics the peptide backbone atom—for atom and comprises side groups that likewise mimic the functionality of the side groups of the native amino acid residues. Several types of chemical bonds, e.g., ester, thioester, thioamide, retroamide, reduced carbonyl, dimethylene and ketomethylene bonds, are known in the art to be generally useful substitutes for peptide bonds in the construction of protease-resistant peptidomimetics. Another class of peptidomimetics comprises a small non-peptide molecule that binds to another peptide or protein, but which is not necessarily a structural mimetic of the native peptide. Yet another class of peptidomimetics has arisen from combinatorial chemistry and the generation of massive chemical libraries. These generally comprise novel templates which, though structurally unrelated to the native peptide, possess necessary functional groups positioned on a nonpeptide scaffold to serve as “topographical” mimetics of the original peptide (Ripka & Rich, 1998, supra).

A list of PIF peptides are provided below in Table 1. Antibodies to various PIF peptides and scrambled PIF peptides are also provided.

TABLE 1 PIF Peptides Amino Acid (SEQ ID NO) Peptide Sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 PIF (−3) MVXIKPGSANKPSDD SEQ ID NO: 2 PIF (−1) XVRIKPGSANKPSDD SEQ ID NO: 3 PIF (−1, −3) XVXIKPGSANKPSDD SEQ ID NO: 4 PIF (−6) MVRIKXGSANKPSDD SEQ ID NO: 5 PIF (−4) MVRXKPGSANKPSDD SEQ ID NO: 6 PIF (−2) MXRIKPGSANKPSDD SEQ ID NO: 7 mutl MVRIKEGSANKPSDD SEQ ID NO: 8 mut3 MVRGKPGSANKPSDD SEQ ID NO: 9 mut4 MERIKPGSANKPSDD SEQ ID NO: 10 mut5 AVRIKPGSANKPSDD n = native, mut = mutant, same AA, ( ) = position of AA, X = any amino acid, except arginine

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a PIF peptide (or analog) is provided. In some embodiments, the PIF analog binds or associates with human insulin degrading enzyme (IDE—SEQ ID NO:12) at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% or higher than native or wild-type PIF sequences. In some embodiments, the PIF analog may have a binding affinity for insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) that has at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% or higher than native or wild-type PIF sequences. In some embodiments, the PIF analog may have a binding affinity for insulin degrading enzyme that has from about 1% to about 30% or higher than the affinity native or wild-type PIF sequences have for IDE. In some embodiments, the PIF analog may have a binding affinity for insulin degrading enzyme that has from about 1% to about 10% or higher than the affinity native or wild-type PIF sequences have for IDEIn some embodiments, the PIF analog may have a binding affinity for insulin degrading enzyme that has from about 1% to about 20% or higher than the affinity native or wild-type PIF sequences have for IDEIn some embodiments, the PIF analog may have a binding affinity for insulin degrading enzyme that has from about 10% to about 20% or higher than the affinity native or wild-type PIF sequences have for IDE. Such PIF peptides in therapeutically effective amounts may be useful for treating any of the diseases or disorder disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a PIF peptide is provided. In preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a PIF peptide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, a method of treating TBI is provided. In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises administering an effective amount of a PIF peptide to a subject in need thereof.

In a further embodiment, a method for treating TBI comprising administering an effective amount of a PIF peptide in combination with one or more immunotherapeutic, anti-epileptic, diuretic, or blood pressure controlling drugs or compounds to a subject in need thereof is provided. Such a combination may enhance the effectiveness of the treatment of either component alone, or may provide less side effects and/or enable a lower dose of either component.

In one embodiment of the present invention, a PIF peptide is provided. Such PIF peptides may be useful for treating or ameliorating immune-mediated disorders, such as autoimmune diseases.

In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a PIF peptide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is provided. In preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a PIF peptide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, a method of treating or presenting immune-mediated disorders is provided. In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises administering an effective amount of a PIF peptide to a subject in need thereof. The methods are particularly useful in treating or preventing immune-mediated disorders, including, but not limited to, graft-versus-host disease type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and the like.

In a further embodiment, a method for treating or preventing immune-mediated disorders comprising administering an effective amount of a PIF peptide in combination with one or more immunotherapeutic drugs to a subject in need thereof is provided. Such a combination may enhance the effectiveness of the treatment of either component alone, or may provide less side effects and/or enable a lower dose of either component.

PIF-1's action appears to be independent of TCR, calcium-channels or PKC pathways, mechanisms through which most immunosuppressive agents act, and CD4+/CD25+ cells (T reg) cells that are of relevance in various autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, PIF-1's action may involve NFAT-1 suppression.

Ultimately, a novel embryo-derived peptide, PIF, creates a tolerogenic state at low doses following short-term treatment leading to long-term protection in several distinct severe autoimmune models. This effect is exerted without apparent toxicity.

For therapeutic treatment of the specified indications, a PIF peptide may be administered as such, or can be compounded and formulated into pharmaceutical compositions in unit dosage form for parenteral, transdermal, rectal, nasal, local intravenous administration, or, preferably, oral administration. Such pharmaceutical compositions are prepared in a manner well known in the art and comprise at least one active PIF peptide associated with a pharmaceutically carrier. The term “active compound”, as used throughout this specification, refers to at least one compound selected from compounds of the formulas or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In such a composition, the active compound is known as “active ingredient.” In making the compositions, the active ingredient will usually be mixed with a carrier, or diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier that may be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container. When the carrier serves as a diluent, it may be a solid, semisolid, or liquid material that acts as a vehicle, excipient of medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the composition can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, emulsion, solutions, syrups, suspensions, soft and hard gelatin capsules, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.

The terms “pharmaceutical preparation” or “pharmaceutical composition” includes preparations suitable for administration to mammals, e.g., humans. When the compounds of the present disclosure are administered as pharmaceuticals to mammals, e.g., humans, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, from about 0.1 to about 99.5% of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to molecular entities and compositions that are physiologically tolerable and do not typically produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction, such as gastric upset, dizziness and the like, when administered to a human. Preferably, as used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is art recognized and includes a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, suitable for administering compounds of the present disclosure to mammals. The carriers include liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol; phosphate buffer solutions; and other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is sterile and pyrogen-free water. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is Ringer's Lactate, sometimes known as lactated Ringer's solution.

Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, .alpha.-tocopherol, and the like; and metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

Formulations of the present disclosure include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical, buccal, sublingual, rectal, vaginal and/or parenteral administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound that produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 1 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5 percent to about 70 percent, most preferably from about 10 percent to about 30 percent.

Some examples of suitable carriers, excipients, and diluents include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate alginates, calcium salicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, tragacanth, gelatin, syrup, methyl cellulose, methyl- and propylhydroxybenzoates, tale, magnesium stearate, water, and mineral oil. The formulations can additionally include lubricating agents, wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, preserving agents, sweetening agents or flavoring agents. The compositions may be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained, or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures well known in the art.

For oral administration, a compound can be admixed with carriers and diluents, molded into tablets, or enclosed in gelatin capsules. The mixtures can alternatively be dissolved in liquids such as 10% aqueous glucose solution, isotonic saline, sterile water, or the like, and administered intravenously or by injection.

The local delivery of inhibitory amounts of active compound for the treatment of immune disorders can be by a variety of techniques that administer the compound at or near the targeted site. Examples of local delivery techniques are not intended to be limiting but to be illustrative of the techniques available. Examples include local delivery catheters, site specific carriers, implants, direct injection, or direct applications, such as topical application.

Local delivery by an implant describes the surgical placement of a matrix that contains the pharmaceutical agent into the affected site. The implanted matrix releases the pharmaceutical agent by diffusion, chemical reaction, or solvent activators.

For example, in some aspects, the disclosure is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a PIF peptide, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, or an effective amount of pharmaceutical composition comprising a PIF peptide.

The compounds of the present disclosure can be administered in the conventional manner by any route where they are active. Administration can be systemic, topical, or oral. For example, administration can be, but is not limited to, parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, transdermal, oral, buccal, ocular routes, intravaginally, by inhalation, by depot injections, or by implants. Thus, modes of administration for the compounds of the present disclosure (either alone or in combination with other pharmaceuticals) can be, but are not limited to, subligual, injectable (including short-acting, depot, implant and pellet forms injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly), or by use of vaginal creams, suppositories, pessaries, vaginal rings, rectal suppositories, intrauterine devices, and transdermal forms such as patches and creams.

Specific modes of administration will depend on the indication. The selection of the specific route of administration and the dose regimen is to be adjusted or titrated by the clinician according to methods known to the clinician in order to obtain the optimal clinical response. The amount of compound to be administered is that amount which is therapeutically effective. The dosage to be administered will depend on the characteristics of the subject being treated, e.g., the particular mammal or human treated, age, weight, health, types of concurrent treatment, if any, and frequency of treatments, and can be easily determined by one of skill in the art (e.g., by the clinician).

Pharmaceutical formulations containing the compounds of the present disclosure and a suitable carrier can be solid dosage forms which include, but are not limited to, tablets, capsules, cachets, pellets, pills, powders and granules; topical dosage forms which include, but are not limned to, solutions, powders, fluid emulsions, fluid suspensions, semi-solids, ointments, pastes, creams, gels and jellies, and foams; and parenteral dosage forms which include, but are not limited to, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and dry powder; comprising an effective amount of a polymer or copolymer of the present disclosure. It is also known in the art that the active ingredients can be contained in such formulations with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, fillers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, surfactants, hydrophobic vehicles, water soluble vehicles, emulsifiers, buffers, humectants, moisturizers, solubilizers, preservatives and the like. The means and methods for administration are known in the art and an artisan can refer to various pharmacologic references for guidance. For example, Modern Pharmaceutics, Banker & Rhodes, Marcel Dekker, Inc. (1979); and Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics, 6th Edition, MacMillan Publishing Co., New York (1980) can be consulted.

The compounds of the present disclosure can be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. The compounds can be administered by continuous infusion subcutaneously over a predetermined period of time. Formulations for injection can be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions can take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and can contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.

For oral administration, the compounds can be formulated readily by combining these compounds with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art. Such carriers enable the compounds of the disclosure to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a patient to be treated. Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained by adding a solid excipient, optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, alter adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients include, but are not limited to, fillers such as sugars, including, but not limited to, lactose, sucrose, mannitol, and sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, but not limited to, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragecanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). If desired, disintegrating agents can be added, such as, but not limited to, the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.

Dragee cores can be provided with suitable coatings. For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions can be used, which can optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments can be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.

Pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally include, but are not limited to, push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, scaled capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as, e.g., lactose, binders such as, e.g., starches, and/or lubricants such as, e.g., talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds can be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In addition, stabilizers can be added. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.

For buccal administration, the compositions can take the form of, e.g., tablets or lozenges formulated in a conventional manner.

For administration by inhalation, the compounds for use according to the present disclosure are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dosage unit can be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of, e.g., gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator can be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.

The compounds of the present disclosure can also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.

In addition to the formulations described previously, the compounds of the present disclosure can also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations can be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.

Depot injections can be administered at about 1 to about 6 months or longer intervals. Thus, for example, the compounds can be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.

In transdermal administration, the compounds of the present disclosure, for example, can be applied to a plaster, or can be applied by transdermal, therapeutic systems that are consequently supplied to the organism.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the compounds also can comprise suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients. Examples of such carriers or excipients include but are not limited to calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivates, gelatin, and polymers such as, e.g., polyethylene glycols.

For parenteral administration, analog can be, for example, formulated as a solution, suspension, emulsion or lyophilized powder in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable parenteral vehicle. Examples of such vehicles are water, saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, and 5% human serum albumin. Liposomes and nonaqueous vehicles such as fixed oils may also be used. The vehicle or lyophilized powder may contain additives that maintain isotonicity (e.g., sodium chloride, mannitol) and chemical stability (e.g., buffers and preservatives). The formulation is sterilized by commonly used techniques. For example, a parenteral composition suitable for administration by injection is prepared by dissolving 1.5% by weight of analog in 0.9% sodium chloride solution.

The present invention relates to routes of administration include intramuscular, sublingual, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intravaginal, intraurethral, intradermal, intrabuccal, via inhalation, via nebulizer and via subcutaneous injection. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition may be introduced by various means into cells that are removed from the individual. Such means include, for example, microprojectile bombardment and liposome or other nanoparticle device.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders and granules. In solid dosage forms, the analogs are generally admixed with at least one inert pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as sucrose, lactose, starch, or other generally regarded as safe (GRAS) additives. Such dosage forms can also comprise, as is normal practice, an additional substance other than an inert diluent, e.g., lubricating agent such as magnesium state. With capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise a buffering agent. Tablets and pills can additionally be prepared with enteric coatings, or in a controlled release form, using techniques know in the art.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions and syrups, with the elixirs containing an inert diluent commonly used in the art, such as water. These compositions can also include one or more adjuvants, such as wetting agent, an emulsifying agent, a suspending agent, a sweetening agent, a flavoring agent or a perfuming agent.

In another embodiment of the invention the composition of the invention is used to treat a patient suffering from, or susceptible to Type I adult or juvenile diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's, or autoimmune hepatitis.

One of skill in the art will recognize that the appropriate dosage of the compositions and pharmaceutical compositions may vary depending on the individual being treated and the purpose. For example, the age, body weight, and medical history of the individual patient may affect the therapeutic efficacy of the therapy. Further, a lower dosage of the composition may be needed to produce a transient cessation of symptoms, while a larger dose may be needed to produce a complete cessation of symptoms associated with the disease, disorder, or indication. A competent physician can consider these factors and adjust the dosing regimen to ensure the dose is achieving the desired therapeutic outcome without undue experimentation. It is also noted that the clinician and/or treating physician will know how and when to interrupt, adjust, and/or terminate therapy in conjunction with individual patient response. Dosages may also depend on the strength of the particular analog chosen for the pharmaceutical composition.

The dose of the composition or pharmaceutical compositions may vary. The dose of the composition may be once per day. In some embodiments, multiple doses may be administered to the subject per day. In some embodiments, the total dosage is administered in at least two application periods. In some embodiments, the period can be an hour, a day, a month, a year, a week, or a two-week period. In an additional embodiment of the invention, the total dosage is administered in two or more separate application periods, or separate doses over the course of about an hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 or more hours. a day, a month, a year, a week, or a two-week period.

In some embodiments, subjects can be administered the composition in which the composition is provided in a daily dose range of about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 5000 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. The dose administered to the subject can also be measured in terms of total amount of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered from about 0.001 to about 3000 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 2000 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1800 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1600 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1400 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1200 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1000 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 800 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered from about 0.001 milligrams to about 700 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 700 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 600 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 500 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 400 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 300 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 200 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 100 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 50 milligrams of PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per dose.

In some embodiments, subjects can be administered the composition in which the composition comprising a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dose range of about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 5000 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprising a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 450 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprising a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 400 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprising a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 350 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprising a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 300 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprising a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 250 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprising PIF peptide or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 200 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprising PIF peptide or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 150 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprising a PIF peptide or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 100 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprising a PIF peptide or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 50 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprising PIF peptide or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 25 mg/kg of the weight of the subject.

In some embodiments, the composition comprising a PIF peptide or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 10 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprising PIF peptide or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 5 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprising PIF peptide or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 1 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprising a PIF peptide or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 0.1 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprising a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 0.01 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprising a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a daily dosage of up to about 0.001 mg/kg of the weight of the subject. The dose administered to the subject can also be measured in terms of total amount of a PIF peptide or PIF analog administered per day.

In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 1 ng to about 500 μg of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 1 ng to about 10 ng of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 10 ng to about 20 ng of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 10 ng to about 100 ng of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 100 ng to about 200 ng of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 200 ng to about 300 ng of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 300 ng to about 400 ng of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 400 ng to about 500 ng of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 500 ng to about 600 ng of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 600 ng to about 700 ng of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 800 ng to about 900 ng of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 900 ng to about 1 μg of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 1 μg to about 100 μg of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 100 μg to about 200 μg of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 200 μg to about 300 μg of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 300 μg to about 400 μg of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 400 μg to about 500 μg of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 500 μg to about 600 μg of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 600 μg to about 700 μg of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 800 μg to about 900 μg of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 900 μg to about 1 mg of analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day.

In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 0.0001 to about 3000 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 2000 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1800 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1600 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1400 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1200 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1000 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 800 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered from about 0.0001 milligrams to about 700 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 700 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 600 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 500 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 400 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 300 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 200 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 100 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 50 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 25 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 15 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose.

In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 10 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 5 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1 milligram of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 0.1 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 0.001 milligrams of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose.

The dose administered to the subject can also be measured in terms of total amount of a PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof administered per ounce of liquid prepared. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 2.5 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 2.25 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 2.25 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 2.0 grams per ounce of solution.

In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 1.9 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 1.8 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 1.7 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 1.6 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 1.5 grams per ounce of solution.

In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 1.4 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 1.3 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 1.2 grams per ounce of solution.

In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 1.1 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 1.0 grams per ounce of solution.

In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 0.9 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 0.8 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 0.7 grams per ounce of solution.

In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 0.6 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 0.5 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 0.4 grams per ounce of solution.

In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 0.3 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 0.2 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 0.1 grams per ounce of solution.

In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 0.01 grams per ounce of solution. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 0.001 grams per ounce of solution prepared. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 0.0001 grams per ounce of solution prepared. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 0.00001 grams per ounce of solution prepared. In some embodiments, the PIF peptide or PIF analog or pharmaceutically salt thereof is at a concentration of about 0.000001 grams per ounce of solution prepared.

Dosage may be measured in terms of mass amount of analog per liter of liquid formulation prepared. One skilled in the art can increase or decrease the concentration of the analog in the dose depending upon the strength of biological activity desired to treat or prevent any above-mentioned disorders associated with the treatment of subjects in need thereof. For instance, some embodiments of the invention can include up to 0.00001 grams of analog per 5 mL of liquid formulation and up to about 10 grams of analog per 5 mL of liquid formulation In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a PIF analog or any of such compositions in any of the disclosed methods are free of SEQ ID NO:1. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a PIF analog or any of such compositions in any of the disclosed methods are free of SEQ ID NO:2. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a PIF analog or any of such compositions in any of the disclosed methods are free of SEQ ID NO:3. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a PIF analog or any of such compositions in any of the disclosed methods are free of SEQ ID NO:4. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a PIF analog or any of such compositions in any of the disclosed methods are free of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a PIF analog or any of such compositions in any of the disclosed methods are free of SEQ ID NO:6. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a PIF analog or any of such compositions in any of the disclosed methods are free of SEQ ID NO:7. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a PIF analog or any of such compositions in any of the disclosed methods are free of SEQ ID NO:8. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a PIF analog or any of such compositions in any of the disclosed methods are free of SEQ ID NO:9. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a PIF analog or any of such compositions in any of the disclosed methods are free of SEQ ID NO: 10.

In some embodiments the pharmaceutical compositions of the claimed invention comprises at least one or a plurality of active agents other than the PIF peptide, analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments the active agent is covalently linked to the PIF peptide or PIF analog disclosed herein optionally by a protease cleavable linker (including by not limited to Pro-Pro or Cituline-Valine di-α-amino acid linkers). In some embodiments, the one or plurality of active agents is one or a combination of compounds chosen from: an anti-inflammatory compound, alpha-adrenergic agonist, antiarrhythmic compound, analgesic compound, and an anesthetic compound.

TABLE Y Examples of anti-inflammatory compounds include: aspirin celecoxib diclofenac diflunisal etodolac ibuprofen indomethacin ketoprofen ketorolac nabumetone naproxen oxaprozin piroxicam salsalate sulindac tolmetin Examples of alpha-adrenergic agonists include: Methoxamine Methylnorepinephrine Midodrine Oxymetazoline Metaraminol Phenylephrine Clonidine (mixed alpha2-adrenergic and imidazoline- I1 receptor agonist) Guanfacine, (preference for alpha2A-subtype of adrenoceptor) Guanabenz (most selective agonist for alpha2- adrenergic as opposed to imidazoline-Il) Guanoxabenz (metabolite of guanabenz) Guanethidine (peripheral alpha2-receptor agonist) Xylazine, Tizanidine Medetomidine Methyldopa Fadolmidine Dexmedetomidine Examples of antiarrhythmic compound include: Amiodarone (Cordarone, Pacerone) Bepridil Hydrochloride (Vascor) Disopyramide (Norpace) Dofetilide (Tikosyn) Dronedarone (Multaq) Flecainide (Tambocor) Ibutilide (Corvert) Lidocaine (Xylocaine) Procainamide (Procan, Procanbid) Propafenone (Rythmol) Propranolol (Inderal) Quinidine (many trade names) Sotalol (Betapace) Tocainide (Tonocarid) Examples of analgesic compound include: codeine hydrocodone (Zohydro ER), oxycodone (OxyContin, Roxicodone), methadone hydromorphone (Dilaudid, Exalgo), morphine (Avinza, Kadian, MSIR, MS Contin), and fentanyl (Actiq, Duragesic) Examples of anesthetic compounds include: Desflurane Isoflurane Nitrous oxide Sevoflurane Xenon

The compounds of the present disclosure can also be administered in combination with other active ingredients, such as, for example, adjuvants, or other compatible drugs or compounds where such combination is seen to be desirable or advantageous in achieving the desired effects of the methods described herein.

Methods

International Application Serial Number PCT/US2012/027480 is incorporated by reference in its entirety and any of the methods disclosed therein may be performed with the PIF analogs of this application in place of or in addition to the experiments performed with native PIF sequences. Comparative experimentation may demonstrate that the PIF analogs of this application may share one or more properties tested in International Application Serial Number PCT/US2012/027480.

The methods disclosed herein can be used with any of the compounds, compositions, preparations, and kits disclosed herein.

The disclosure relates to methods for treating a bronchopulmonary dysplasia trauma comprising administering an effective amount of the compositions described herein to a subject in need thereof. The disclosure also includes the use of the compositions described here for simultaneously treating a subject who has suffered a neurodamage, for instance a traumatic neural damage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

The disclosure relates to methods for treating a CNS trauma comprising administering an effective amount of the compositions described herein to a subject in need thereof. The disclosure also includes the use of the compositions described here for treating a subject who has suffered a CNS trauma. In some embodiments, the CNS trauma is traumatic brain injury (TBI). In some embodiments, the CNS trauma is spinal cord injury (SCI).

In some embodiments, the CNS trauma is a concussion. Accordingly, the disclosure also relates to methods for treating a concussion comprising administering an effective amount of the compositions described herein to a subject in need thereof. The disclosure also relates to the use of the compositions described here for treating a subject who has suffered a concussion. In some embodiments, the present methods are used for treating a subject who has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 concussion symptoms. Concussion symptoms include, but are not limited to, headache, pressure in head, neck pain, nausea or vomiting, dizziness, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, sensitivity to noise, feeling slowed down, feeling “in a fog”, “not feeling right”, difficulty concentrating, difficulty remembering, fatigue or low energy, confusion, drowsiness, trouble falling asleep, increased emotions, irritability sadness and nervousness or anxiety. Optionally, the present methods are used for treating a subject who has been diagnosed with a traumatic brain injury or a concussion.

In another embodiment, the present methods are used for treating a post-concussive syndrome. Post-concussive syndromes include, but are not limited to, post-concussion disease, prolonged post-concussion disease, mild cognitive impairment, chronic traumatic encephalopathy and dementia pugilistica. In further embodiments the present methods are used for treating long-term complications of concussion such as post-concussive depression.

In an embodiment, the composition is administered once a day to a subject in need thereof. In another embodiment, the composition is administered every other day, every third day or once a week. In another embodiment, the composition is administered twice a day. In still another embodiment, the composition is administered three times a day or four times a day. In a further embodiment, the composition is administered at least once a day for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 weeks. In still a further embodiment, the composition is administered at least once a day for a longer term such as at least 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 24 months. Administration in some embodiments includes but is not limited to a dosage of 10-50 mg of composition at a frequency of minimum 1, 2, 3 or 4 times per day. Optionally, administration continues until all symptoms are resolved and cleared by medical personnel via standardized testing such as SCAT 2.

In some embodiments, the composition is administered within 1, 2, 3, 5 or 7 days of the CNS trauma. In other embodiments, the composition is administered within 1, 2, 3, 5 or 7 days of the appearance of symptoms of a CNS trauma.

In some embodiments, the composition is administered at least once a day until the condition has ameliorated to where further treatment is not necessary. In another embodiment, the composition is administered until all symptoms of the traumatic brain injury are resolved. In another embodiment, the composition is administered until the subject is able to return to physical activity or “cleared to play” in a particular sport.

In further embodiments, the composition is administered for at least 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10 or 12 or 24 months after the subject is asymptomatic. Optionally, the composition is administered for at least 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10 or 12 or 24 months after the subject is able to return to physical activity or “cleared to play” in a particular sport.

The compositions of the present disclosure are useful and effective when administered to treat a CNS trauma such as, TBI, SCI, cerebral herniation or a concussion. The amount of each component present in the composition will be the amount that is therapeutically effective, i.e., an amount that will result in the effective treatment of the condition (e.g., traumatic brain injury) when administered. The therapeutically effective amount will vary depending on the subject and the severity and nature of the injury and can be determined routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating or preventing any of the indications set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,222,211, 7,723,289, 7,723,290, 8,454,967, 9,097,725, (each of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties) comprising administering compositions or pharmaceutical compositions comprising any one or plurality of PIF peptides, analogs, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof disclosed herein.

In some methods, the disclosure relates to a method of stimulating the differentiation and/or proliferation of stem cells in a subject in need thereof comprising administering compositions or pharmaceutical compositions comprising any one or plurality of PIF peptides, analogs, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to any of the methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,273,708, 7,695,977, 7,670,852, 7,670,851, 7,678,582, 7,670,850, 8,012,700 (each of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties) comprising administering compositions or pharmaceutical compositions comprising any one or plurality of PIF peptides, analogs, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof disclosed herein.

This disclosure also incorporates by reference in their entireties U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,789,289, 7,723,290, 8,222,211, and 8,454,967.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating traumatic injury of the central nervous system by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating traumatic injury of the central nervous system by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating traumatic injury of the central nervous system by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of traumatic injury of the central nervous system.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of traumatic injury of the central nervous system.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of traumatic injury of the central nervous system.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having traumatic injury of the central nervous system.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating traumatic brain injury by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating traumatic brain injury by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating traumatic brain injury by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of traumatic brain injury.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of traumatic brain injury.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of traumatic brain injury.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having traumatic brain injury.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating auto-immune hepatitis by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating auto-immune hepatitis by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating auto-immune hepatitis by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of auto-immune hepatitis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of auto-immune hepatitis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of auto-immune hepatitis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having auto-immune hepatitis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating graft-versus-host disease by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating graft-versus-host disease by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating graft-versus-host disease by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having graft-versus-host disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating type I diabetes by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating type I diabetes by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating type I diabetes by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of type I diabetes.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of type I diabetes.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of type I diabetes.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having type I diabetes.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating multiple sclerosis by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating multiple sclerosis by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating multiple sclerosis by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having multiple sclerosis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating ulcerative colitis by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating ulcerative colitis by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating ulcerative colitis by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating Crohn's disease by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating Crohn's disease by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating Crohn's disease by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating inflammatory bowel disease by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating inflammatory bowel disease by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating inflammatory bowel disease by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having inflammatory bowel disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating inflammation by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating inflammation by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating inflammation by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of inflammation.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of inflammation.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of inflammation.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having inflammation.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating arthritis by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating arthritis by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating arthritis by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of arthritis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of arthritis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of arthritis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having arthritis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating allergies by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating allergies by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating allergies by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of allergies.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of allergies.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of allergies.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having allergies.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating asthma by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating asthma by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating asthma by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of asthma.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of asthma.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of asthma.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having asthma.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating eczema by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating eczema by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating eczema by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of eczema.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of eczema.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of eczema.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having eczema.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating urticaria by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating urticaria by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating urticaria by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of urticaria.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of urticaria.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of urticaria.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having urticaria.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating atopic dermatitis by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating atopic dermatitis by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating atopic dermatitis by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having atopic dermatitis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating bronchopulminary dysplasia by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating bronchopulminary dysplasia by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating bronchopulminary dysplasia by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of bronchopulminary dysplasia.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of bronchopulminary dysplasia.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of bronchopulminary dysplasia.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having bronchopulminary dysplasia.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating Gaucher's disease by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating Gaucher's disease by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating Gaucher's disease by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of Gaucher's disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of Gaucher's disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of Gaucher's disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having Gaucher's disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating auto-immune disease by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating auto-immune disease by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating auto-immune disease by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of auto-immune disease in a subject in need thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of auto-immune disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of auto-immune disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having auto-immune disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating collagen disease by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating collagen disease by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating collagen disease by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of collagen disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of collagen disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of collagen disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having collagen disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating connective tissue disease by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating connective tissue disease by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating connective tissue disease by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of connective tissue disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of connective tissue disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of connective tissue disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having connective tissue disease.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating inflammation disorders by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating inflammation disorders by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating inflammation disorders by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of inflammation disorders.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of inflammation disorders.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of inflammation disorders.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having inflammation disorders.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating repetitive strain injuries by administering at least one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating repetitive strain injuries by administering a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or a plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating repetitive strain injuries by administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose of at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of repetitive strain injuries.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a therapeutically effective amount or dose of any one or plurality of compositions disclosed herein comprising at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of repetitive strain injuries.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount or dose at least one PIF peptide, an analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of repetitive strain injuries.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of inducing an immunomodulation effect in a subject in need thereof, when subject has been or is suspect of having repetitive strain injuries.

Kits

According to some embodiments of the invention, the formulation may be supplied as part of a kit. In some embodiments, the kit comprises comprising a PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises a non-natural amino acid or is at least 70% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the kit comprises comprising a PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises a non-natural amino acid or is at least 70% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the kit comprises comprising a PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises a non-natural amino acid or is at least 70% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the kit comprises comprising a PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises a non-natural amino acid or is at least 70% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the kit comprises comprising a PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises a non-natural amino acid or is at least 70% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the kit comprises comprising a PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises a non-natural amino acid or is at least 70% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the kit comprises comprising a PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises a non-natural amino acid or is at least 70% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the kit comprises comprising a PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises a non-natural amino acid or is at least 70% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the kit comprises comprising a PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises a non-natural amino acid or is at least 70% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the kit comprises comprising a PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises a non-natural amino acid or is at least 70% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 10. In another embodiment, the kit comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an analog with a rehydration mixture. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an analog are in one container while the rehydration mixture is in a second container. The rehydration mixture may be supplied in dry form, to which water or other liquid solvent may be added to form a suspension or solution prior to administration. Rehydration mixtures are mixtures designed to solubilize a lyophilized, insoluble salt of the invention prior to administration of the composition to a subject takes at least one dose of a purgative. In another embodiment, the kit comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in orally available pill form.

The kit may contain two or more containers, packs, or dispensers together with instructions for preparation and administration. In some embodiments, the kit comprises at least one container comprising the pharmaceutical composition or compositions described herein and a second container comprising a means for delivery of the compositions such as a syringe. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a composition comprising an analog in solution or lyophilized or dried and accompanied by a rehydration mixture. In some embodiments, the analog and rehydration mixture may be in one or more additional containers.

The compositions included in the kit may be supplied in containers of any sort such that the shelf-life of the different components are preserved, and are not adsorbed or altered by the materials of the container. For example, suitable containers include simple bottles that may be fabricated from glass, organic polymers, such as polycarbonate, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, ceramic, metal or any other material typically employed to hold reagents or food; envelopes, that may consist of foil-lined interiors, such as aluminum or an alloy. Other containers include test tubes, vials, flasks, and syringes. The containers may have two compartments that are separated by a readily removable membrane that upon removal permits the components of the compositions to mix. Removable membranes may be glass, plastic, rubber, or other inert material.

Kits may also be supplied with instructional materials. Instructions may be printed on paper or other substrates, and/or may be supplied as an electronic-readable medium, such as a floppy disc, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, zip disc, videotape, audio tape, or other readable memory storage device. Detailed instructions may not be physically associated with the kit; instead, a user may be directed to an internet web site specified by the manufacturer or distributor of the kit, or supplied as electronic mail.

In another embodiment, a packaged kit is provided that contains the pharmaceutical formulation to be administered, i.e., a pharmaceutical formulation containing PIF peptide and/or a PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a container (e.g., a vial, a bottle, a pouch, an envelope, a can, a tube, an atomizer, an aerosol can, etc.), optionally sealed, for housing the formulation during storage and prior to use, and instructions for carrying out drug administration in a manner effective to treat any one or more of the indications disclosed herein. The instructions will typically be written instructions on a package insert, a label, and/or on other components of the kit.

Depending on the type of formulation and the intended mode of administration, the kit may also include a device for administering the formulation (e.g., a transdermal delivery device). The administration device may be a dropper, a swab, a stick, or the nozzle or outlet of an atomizer or aerosol can. The formulation may be any suitable formulation as described herein. For example, the formulation may be an oral dosage form containing a unit dosage of the active agent, or a gel or ointment contained within a tube. The kit may contain multiple formulations of different dosages of the same agent. The kit may also contain multiple formulations of different active agents.

The present kits will also typically include means for packaging the individual kit components, i.e., the pharmaceutical dosage forms, the administration device (if included), and the written instructions for use. Such packaging means may take the form of a cardboard or paper box, a plastic or foil pouch, etc.

This disclosure and embodiments illustrating the method and materials used may be further understood by reference to the following non-limiting examples. Examples are intended to create a context to present neurotrauma as an integrated multiprong disease and PIF's ability to address the disease locally and systemically addressing its cause not only consequences as they were to become apparent.

SEQ ID NO: 12 MRYRLAWLLH PALPSTFRSV LGARLPPPER LCGFQKKTYS KMNNPAIKRI GNHITKSPED KREYRGLELA NGIKVLLISD PTTDKSSAAL DVHIGSLSDP PNIAGLSHFC EHMLFLGTKK YPKENEYSQF LSEHAGSSNA FTSGEHTNYY FDVSHEHLEG ALDRFAQFFL CPLFDESCKD REVNAVDSEH EKNVMNDAWR LFQLEKATGN PKHPFSKFGT GNKYTLETRP NQEGIDVRQE LLKFHSAYYS SNLMAVCVLG RESLDDLTNL VVKLFSEVEN KNVPLPEFPE HPFQEEHLKQ LYKIVPIKDI RNLYVTFPIP DLQKYYKSNP GHYLGHLIGH EGPGSLLSEL KSKGWVNTLV GGQKEGARGF MFFIINVDLT EEGLLHVEDI ILHMFQYIQK LRAEGPQEWV FQECKDLNAV AFRFKDKERP RGYTSKIAGI LHYYPLEEVL TAEYLLEEFR PDLIEMVLDK LRPENVRVAI VSKSFEGKTD RTEEWYGTQY KQEAIPDEVI KKWQNADLNG KFKLPTKNEF IPTNFEILPL EKEATPYPAL IKDTAMSKLW FKQDDKFFLP KACLNFEFFS PFAYVDPLHC NMAYLYLELL KDSLNEYAYA AELAGLSYDL QNTIYGMYLS VKGYNDKQPI LLKKIIEKMA TFEIDEKRFE IIKEAYMRSL NNFRAEQPHQ HAMYYLRLLM TEVAWTKDEL KEALDDVTLP RLKAFIPQLL SRLHIEALLH GNITKQAALG IMQMVEDTLI EHAHTKPLLP SQLVRYREVQ LPDRGWFVYQ QRNEVHNNCG IEIYYQTDMQ STSENMFLEL FCQIISEPCF NTLRTKEQLG YIVFSGPRRA NGIQGLRFII QSEKPPHYLE SRVEAFLITM EKSIEDMTEE AFQKHIQALA IRRLDKPKKL SAECAKYWGE IISQQYNFDR DNTEVAYLKT LTKEDIIKFY KEMLAVDAPR RHKVSVHVLA REMDSCPVVG EFPCQNDINL SQAPALPQPE VIQNMTEFKR GLPLFPLVKP HINFMAAKL

Example 1: sPIF has Similar Binding to Lymphocytes Compared to Standard PIF

The sPIF sequences provided herein (SEQ ID NOs: 1-10) are non-naturally occurring mutants of PIF. In order to determine if they sPIF sequences provided herein have similar properties to PIF, FITC-PIF assays was performed to examine sPIF binding to monocytes. SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 10 were compared to natural PIF in binding to CD11b (macrophage) and CD19 (B cell) monocytes.

TABLE 2 PIF v sPIF binding PIF type CD11b % CD19% SEQ ID NO: 8 35.48% 5.60% control PIF 27.94% 3.23% SEQ ID NO: 10 33.54% 5.90% control PIF 27.11% 4.34%

The sPIF sequences SEQ ID NOs: 8 and 10 showed higher binding affinity to both CD11b and CD19 monocytes. This result lends support to the idea that the sPIF sequences provided here (SEQ ID NOs: 1-10) may bind to PIF receptors at least as well as, if not better than, native PIF.

Example 2: sPIF Therapy to Arrest and/or Reverse Both Acute and Chronic Neurotrauma

PreImplantation Factor (PIF) is a 15 amino-acid peptide produced by solid phase synthesis at human grade quality (sPIF). [3-6] Following severe neurotrauma, sPIF reduces inflammation, while promoting myelin repair and nerve regeneration, also reverses advanced paralysis and severe neurologic injury through local and systemic protection. PIF targets directly the CNS and promotes endogenous stems cells proliferation and differentiation. PIF could be a safe and effective drug to address acute and long-term neurotrauma sequela. Due to its high safety profile and comprehensive preclinical results, [7-14] sPIF is currently FAST-TRACK awarded, FDA approved University-sponsored clinical trial for autoimmune disorder. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02239562). PIF could be a safe and effective drug to address acute and long-term neurotrauma sequela. Overall, PIF could be a novel approach for the comprehensive management of neurotrauma from acute to the chronic phase integrating both local and systemic protection.

Preliminary Data

Pregnancy perspective: PIF exerts broad neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. Native PIF is endogenously expressed by the embryo/fetus and placenta and its presence in circulation is associated with favorable pregnancy outcome (absence in non-viable embryos). Starting post fertilization PIF plays a determining role to create maternal tolerance without immune suppression, regulating immunity, inflammation and transplant acceptance. In short, PIF comprehensively regulates inflammation, immunity and transplant acceptance. PIF specifically promotes neural development and protects against maternal adverse environment. PIF targets the embryo to reduce oxidative stress and protein misfolding, both critical elements of neurotrauma. In vivo PIF reduces spontaneous and LPS induced pregnancy loss decreasing placental inflammation.[3-5, 15, 16-22] Synthetic PIF (sPIF) successfully translates pregnancy-induced native's peptide effect, including its beneficial neuroprotective properties to clinically relevant models outside pregnancy. As such PIF presents qualities for a comprehensive neurotrauma preventative and therapeutic. PIF-based therapy is a paradigm-shift approach regulating inflammation locally and systemically, early or later, and in acute or chronic neurotrauma. The data comprehensively address the unmet need. Therefore herein, the following examples are representative of a comprehensive, synergizing therapeutic platform.

Results

PIF targets and regulates human immune cells to create Th2/Th1 bias—in vivo PIF reduces activated macrophages/neutrophil extravasation systemically. The resulting systemic inflammatory response is a key for both short and long term neurotrauma. sPIF orchestrates global anti-inflammatory effects in human mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (Barnea, et al. 2012, Roussev et al. 2013, Barnea et al. 2015). Preserving basal immunity sPIF blocks mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and activated PBMCs proliferation. By increasing IL-10 (rather than IFN-γ expression) sPIF may counteract several pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IFN-γ IL-12B) macrophage activators (Barnea, et al. 2012). sPIF also reduces NK cells cytotoxicity by inhibiting pro-inflammatory CD69 expression. PIF targets systemic immunity independent of early Ca++ mobilization hallmark of immune suppressive drugs.

sPIF direct anti-inflammatory effect was tested in vivo. In a murine model following LPS-induced peritonitis sPIF injection reduced macrophage migration. Neutrophil extravasation was reduced in post-chemically induced peritonitis. (Karl-Heintz et al. 2015). In addition in a cremasteric muscle induced inflammation model, PIF reduces neutrophils rolling and extravasdation post TNF-induced inflammation. sPIF targets Kv1.3b the K+ alpha pore acts as competitive inhibitor of cortisone. sPIF acts as cortisone to reduce K+ flux which was confirmed in vivo (Karl-Heintz et al. 2015). The Kv1.3 is critical for neurotransmission. sPIF regulates Ca+ flux through the K+ flux, thereby not acting as an immune suppressor as cortisone does. Due to peptide's small size and its high flexibility sPIF through its core R-I-K-P sequence targets multiple proteins. This is complemented by changes in protein targets folding structure which can affect sPIF binding. Among them, sPIF targets insulin degrading enzyme when protein is attached to insulin thereby regulates the growth factor function. IDE is critical for Alzheimer's disease—prevents b-amyloid accumulation. PIF reduces oxidative stress and protein misfolding by targeting protein-disulfide isomerase and heat shock protein 70 (Barnea et al. 2104, Barnea et al. 2015) Almogi-Hazan et al. 2014). Thus sPIF acts to regulate systemic immunity restoring homeostasis. As such sPIF has a critical integrating anti-inflammatory role.

sPIF: a single amino acid mutation leads to loss of activity in both neural cells and systemic immune cells—relevance of sPIF for neuroprotection. Modifications of the sPIF sequence lead to altered biological activity. sPIF binding to PDI was compared to scrambled PIF (the same amino acid in random sequence). Due to the modified peptide structure rigidity, its interaction with PDI target was greatly reduced. (FIG. 2 ). Using Kv1.3b (potassium channel beta) as a binding target, the modifications of a single amino acid of sPIF were assessed. The data showed that most the changes at the 4 and 6 positions may be relevant for biologic activity. (FIG. 3 ). Thermal shift assay for insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), a zinc metallopeptidase that degrades intracellular insulin demonstrated that mut-1 likely increases the biologic activity since it has a reduced thermal shift when compared with the wild type PIF. On the other hand, the mut-3 PIF activity was decreased which was also confirmed in lack of effect on let-7 micrtoRNA in both microglia as well as neural cell lines. Consequently sPIF effect was examined in cell based systems. Using the Jurkat cells line the effect of sPIF was compared to the mutated sPIF (Mut-3 and Mut 1) as it reflected on K+ flux. Data demonstrated that the effect was significant reducing the K+ flux as compared with control. Both mutated sPIF at high doses (control) had no effect. (FIG. 4 ). In addition when compared to cortisone, sPIF had a similar inhibitory effect on K+ flux. Thus dependent on the target Kv1.3 or IDE the mutated PIF-1 can have a target-specific effect which can also translate to diverse biological activity. sPIF reduces Gaucher, and Gaucher-like disease—mucopolysaccharidosis induced systemic inflammation in vitro. Gaucher Disease (typically diagnosed in childhood) is defined as a rare hereditary disorder of lipid metabolism caused by an enzyme deficiency and characterized by enlargement of the spleen and liver, bone lesions, and neurological impairment. Beyond the potential neural dysfunction (local), patients with the disease can also have systemic inflammation. Whether PIF can alter immune response in children with Gaucher disease was examined. Blood collected from two children PBMCs were separated and the effect of PIF also or following activation by LPS was determined. PIF increased chitotriosidase levels as compared to unstimulated, Pam2/3csk (marker inducer) and LPS-treated PBMC. (FIG. 23 ). PIF reduced LPS-induced chitotriosidase activity reflecting an anti-inflammatory response. This data substantiates that sPIF may control systemic manifestations of central neuroinflammatory disease thereby reducing the resulting central inflammatory response. sPIF reverses brain injury HIE model: acute-neurotrauma intervention. Acute injury blunt/blast/penetrating injury of the brain and spinal cord can create a compromised blood supply, strong inflammatory response (activated microglia, oligodendrocytes) and decreased oxygen supply. In addition the CNS may initiate an infectious process, if the wound is severe. Following acute-neurotrauma, immediate specialized care is frequently not available in military setting. In civilian cases rapid evacuation to a hospital can take place. Once the patient is in the hospital, if the neuroinjury is severe, neurosurgery has to be involved. However mostly supportive measures are initiated which are followed by long-term rehabilitation. Thus, an acute intervention to mitigate initiation and uncontrolled progression of inflammation caused by neurotrauma would be a major breakthrough.

For effective immediate intervention sPIF is readily available, stable in harsh environment (RT) and has rapid and sustained action. The hypoxic ischemic (HIE) model provides a clinically relevant model to examine sPIF efficacy in acute neurotrauma setting. The HIE model is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The HIE clinically-relevant model is three-prong: 1. ligation of the carotid artery in one side, 2. exposure to low oxygen for several minutes and 3. LPS-induced inflammation. Thus, HIE closely represents an acute/severe CNS injury.

To mimic clinical scenarios seen frequently in the battlefield and sometimes with civilians if rapid intervention is not available subcutaneous sPIF therapy was started only 3 days post-injury and has lasted only for 6 days. sPIF led to significant neuroprotection assessed clinically and revealing effect on pathways relevant for neurologic disorders and specific to CNS injury. Remarkably, sPIF reduces brain cells death, reverses neuronal loss and restores proper cortical architecture and reduced microglial activation (FIGS. 5A, 5B) The effect of sPIF was direct (or local) targeting both microglia (macrophages) and neural cells. It is important to remark that in order for sPIF to act since one carotid artery was obstructed therefore to reverse neuronal injury sPIF had to pass from the apparently healthy to the injured hemisphere. Thus we observed sPIF to traverse the BBB intact.

This direct effect on target cells was confirmed by targeting microglia and neuron cell line (Neu) in vitro (FIGS. 5C, D). Two major complementary mechanisms of clear relevance support sPIF induced neuroprotection; namely reduced pro-apoptotic let-7microRNA coupled with regulation of phosphorylated PKC/PKA pathways. sPIF reduced let-7 while increasing IL-10 expression—effects were TLR4/PI3-AKT dependent (FIGS. 5C-5E). sPIF activates (PKA)/(PKC) signaling, leading to increased phosphorylation of major neuroprotective substrates (GAP-43, BAD, and CREB). Phosphorylated CREB in turn facilitates expression of (Gap43, Bdnf and Bcl2) (FIG. 5F) that play important role regulating neuronal growth, survival, which is dependent on TLR4 signaling (FIG. 5G). PKA/PKC was reported to impart TBI (Lucke-Wold, Logsdon et al. 2014; Zohar, Lavy et al. 2011; Titus 2013). Overall, despite delayed intervention (3 days) sPIF reversed advanced brain injury—reflecting strong applicability to emergency scenario where immediate advanced intervention is not available. For currently used neuroprotective drugs ability to reach the brain in both intact and damaged settings is difficult. Therefore frequently drugs in order to pass the BBB they have to be very small, or have to be added to agents that would favor passage.

Highly critical for sPIF use for neurotrauma management is that it traverses BBB rapidly, intact that means it is NOT degraded. sPIF was injected into adult mice subcutaneously and at different time points brain tissue harvested was extracted using HPLC/mass-spectrometry using sPIF as internal standard. sPIF was found intact in the brain after 12-26 hrs after injection thus making the drug an attractive as a long-term neuroprotectant. (FIG. 6 ). Within 30 min reaches a peak after subcutaneous injection while at the same time point it also targets the systemic immunity. FIG. 7 shows the detection of PIF by mass spectrometry using an internal PIF-8 dalton larger standard. The clearance of PIF from mice circulation following high dose PIF administration is also shown. (HPLC/Masspectrometry method. FIG. 8 shows that while PIF reaches the brain detected by antiPIF monoclonal antibody documenting a target effect on both microglia and neurons. at the same it has already been cleared from the circulation (FIG. 8 ). It further demonstrates that Rhodamine-PIF crosses the BBB to target the brain. Simultaneous local (brain) and systemic (immune) targeting reflect an integrated sPIF induced protection. This shows that sPIF can be easily and efficiently deployed and rapidly utilized post-acute neurotrauma.

sPIF promotes endogenous stems cells proliferation/differentiation: chronic neurotrauma therapy. Neuronal loss frequently occurs post-CNS injury, due to the progressive uncontrolled inflammation. To restore neurotrauma disease, the challenge remains to repair or replace those cells and restore their communication with other cells to integrate function. sPIF has the potential to be effective in that respect. In the developing brain, radial glia act as neural stem cells (NSCs) and is located in the subventricular zone (SVZ). NSCs generate oligodendrocytes and restricted populations of neurons and importantly represent a large reservoir of cells for repair post-injury. However, NSCs progressively become quiescent post-natally. During self-renewal NSCs divide symmetrically into two NSCs or asymmetrically into one NSC and one transit amplifying cell (TAC). Electroporation in neonates is able to selectively target and manipulate radial glia-NSCs enabling accurate assessment of proliferative cells transfected (fluorescently labelled) NSCs examining their fate by TACs measurements (Mash1 positive cells). Activated dormant NSCs induce de novo gliogenesis and neurogenesis for endogenous repair following injury. (FIG. 8A) NSCs in the SVZ are resistant to hypoxia-ischemia while TACs, oligodendrocyte progenitors, and newborn neurons are vulnerable contributing to oligodendrocyte and neuron depletion. Thus, targeting NPCs and increasing TACs is an attractive repair strategy.

sPIF may activate NPCs via PI3/AKT-mTOR signaling. sPIF treatment (0.75 mg/kg twice daily s.c.) NPCs in healthy and LPS-pretreated animals (sham controlled design, n=8 each group) was examined. After 5 days brains were probed with Ki67 (proliferation marker) and Mash1 (TAC marker). Indeed sPIF treatment results in NSCs activation (both proliferation and differentiation into TACs) in healthy or LPS pretreated brains. (FIG. 9A) Collectively sPIF has strong potential to activate NSCs and may impart neuroregeneration post-TBI. The observations in this model were also translated to imaging using advanced MRI (FIG. 9B). Results showed that sPIF following exposure to LPS treatment has led to restored brain architecture as compared to (normal) LPS-treated animal. When the data on sPIF was compared to sham treated animal no significant differences were noted. This documents that sPIF induced protection is translated to significant brain repair. Mechanistically based on the data the effect may be due to the activation of the H19-related pathway.

sPIF directly targets specific proteins in the brain. (HIE model). PIF modifies the brain protein ratio when comparing the intact to the injured part of the brain. Following harvesting, the brain was divided onto two hemispheres (injured and intact). PBS-treated and sham-operated rats were used as controls. The published method where sPIF was shown using an sPIF-affinity column which identifies specific targets binding to the peptide was utilized (Barnea 2014, PloS One). In this study, following extraction of the brain samples (treated and different controls) were passed through the PIF affinity column collecting different fractions. The fractions were passed through HPLC followed by mass spectrometry analysis. As figures show, sPIF has exerted its protective effects by affecting a specific limited number of signaling pathways. The main pathway is the 14-3-3 and PKC/PKA signaling. Pathways (FIGS. 10,11 ) The data generated provided important mechanistic insight into sPIF specific protein targets that affect the PKC/PKA pathway. Specifically sPIF reduced NEFL, NEF3, MAP1b, vimentin. In contrast, sPIF increased calreticulin concentration. The effect on this pathway leads to increase in brain maturation coupled with reduced neural death. In addition sPIF also affected the 14-3-3 pathway regulating several members of the group further reducing apoptosis. The change in the folding structure of a target protein may have a major contributing effect on sPIF activity. The inflammatory condition may affect the protein structure which could increase or decrease the ability for sPIF to bind to the target. Data substantiates the protective effect that sPIF exerts by directly targeting specific proteins. sPIF reverses HIE induced injury. Subcutaneously injected sPIF is superior to intracranially injected stem cells—Chronic neurotrauma therapy. Stem cells use for treating neurotrauma has been advocated and has been used successfully in a limited number of well controlled clinical studies. To determine how sPIF is compared with stems cells, the HIE model was utilized. sPIF alone versus intracranially injected stem cells were compared. As shown, sPIF alone led to significant neural protection. sPIF was injected together with intracranially administered stem cells, starting therapy 3 days post-injury. Data showed that sPIF potentiated the stem cells effect as evidenced by increasing myelinization as well the Neun and Cux1 neuronal markers expression (IHC). (FIG. 13 ) In addition, by increasing the glial fibrillary acid protein sPIF promotes neuro-regeneration as compared to stems cells alone. (FIG. 14 ) Collectively, it indicated that a minimally invasive subcutaneous sPIF injection is more effective that the highly invasive stem cells injection. As such it makes sPIF an attractive drug for acute and chronic neurotrauma management since as shown above that the endogenous stems cells are being effectively activated by sPIF alone. PIF reduces/regulates inflammation to promote neural repair—Chronic neurotrauma—therapy. Based on current data post-acute neurotrauma if the subject survives is based on the extent of the trauma, it can remain conscious; can enter later in to a vegetative state, or vegetative state with minimal consciousness. Otherwise the long-term resulting motor, sensory and emotional state cannot be predicted in early stages of neurotrauma. Thus, a continuum occurs where it is not possible to predict prognosis whether partial or total recovery will ensue long-term following neurotrauma. Beyond the severe CNS (mentioned above) mild to moderate trauma can also have long-term sequela where the critical acute brain and spinal cord inflammation becomes progressive leading to and being associated with neurodegeneration. There is evidence that the resulting systemic inflammation causes or at least further compounds the destructive CNS process. The inflammatory cells activated perpetuate the damage by penetrating the CNS. Current measures to reverse this relentless course are widely ineffective beyond physical therapy and neuroleptic drugs as needed. The neuroinflammatory clinically relevant models used in the adult both antigen driven and infective which document for first time efficacy in this type of model aimed to address chronic the chronic consequences of CNS related disorders. (Weiss et al. 2012, Shainer et al. 2015, Paidas, et al. 2012 PIF reverses chronic paralysis, including severe paralysis, and protects both brain and spinal cord—Chronic neurotrauma management. This set of studies aimed to address early, mid and chronic phases of inflammation/neurodegeneration seen frequently post-acute neurotrauma initiating shortly after and lasting long-term. The combination of PLP-neurotropic antigen, with pertussis, and tuberculin innoculum creates a particularly harsh neuroinflammation milieu evidenced both in the brain and the spinal cord. Unless treated, if inflammation is severe high mortality ensues. FIG. 15 shows that sPIF reduces access of inflammatory cells to the spinal cord and reduces the clinical score in a dose-dependent manner. The effect persists up to 12 days post-therapy without added therapy. Mechanistically, sPIF protected against proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation thereby reducing oxidative stress and protein misfolding—similar to the HIE model. Increased MTAP protein promotes free tubulins-neuron backbone assembly to neurons. Increase in proteins involved in neural synaptic transmission was noted as well. PIF reduced circulating pro-inflammatory IL12—a macrophage marker and PLP activated-splenocytes (IL6, IL17) secretion also at 2 weeks post-therapy. Thus sPIF represents effective treatment regimen to reverse chronic consequences of CNS injury, including paralysis, where inflammation plays a critical role. Further data showing both local and systemic effects demonstrate a global (comprehensive) protective action. sPIF prevents and reduces mortality long-term. Episodic (short-term sPIF subcutaneous injections) completely reversed paralysis remarkably from paraplegia (stage 4/5) in 68% of cases vs. Copaxone (GA) and PBS used as controls (12.5%), P<0.007. (FIG. 16 ). An integrated local (brain and spinal cord) decrease in inflammation and inflammatory cells access was also noted. The brain was analyzed using global phosphorylated proteins analysis comparing sPIF to PBS treatment as well non-treated controls. In addition PIF also reduced the access of inflammatory cells into the brain (FIG. 17 ) sPIF reverses paralysis and reduces brain inflammation post-infection: Chronic CNS neuro injury management. Based on current evidence, environmental factors (bacteria, virus) may cause progressive neurodegenerative diseases in the CNS. The Smegmatis bacteria model in an important prototype where an innocuous bacterium activates the immune system and then the bacteria is subsequently eliminated while neurodegeneration continues to progress long-term. This clinically-relevant model could replicate also a neurodegenerative chronic neurotrauma including and multiple sclerosis—(MS) shown by (Nicollo, Ria J of immunology 2102). sPIF reversed brain infection, inflammation and paralysis post-inoculation with Mycobacterium Smegmatis (MPT64-PLP139-151). Brain IHC analysis showed that sPIF reduced the access of inflammatory cells into the brain. (FIGS. 18-19 ) Beyond the long-term reduction in paralysis observed, global brain gene analysis demonstrated reduced oxidative stress as well as up-regulated additional protective pathways. Systemically, PIF down-regulates the pro-inflammatory IL23 and IL17 expression in draining lymph nodes. Thus PIF has both a local (brain and spinal cord) and systemic neuroprotective effect.

Whether sPIF penetrates the brain (BBB) following chronic inflammation was furthermore studied. FITC-sPIF was injected IP and subsequently the brain was imaged. Imaging demonstrated that sPIF enters the brain, and very importantly it targets the CNS vasculature. This is highly relevant since sPIF was shown to prevent vascular inflammation. Thus, in addition to targeting the microglia and neurons, sPIF also protects against the ensuing vascular inflammation—offering an integrated protection against chronic neurotrauma.

sPIF reverses chronic neuroinflammation in TLR-2 mutated mice—chronic neurotrauma therapy. Based on current evidence, modification of the TLR locus in mice followed by injection of PLP 139-151 in the SJL/B6wt model leads to severe paralysis. Initiation of subcutaneous sPIF treated after 10 day post-induction has led to a therapeutic effect as shown by the decrease in the score of the disease (decrease of paralysis score). Irrespective of the two different TLR-2 mutations, sPIF decreased the clinical score. (FIG. 22 ). This data further substantiates that sPIF is an effective agent that could reverse chronic neuroinflammation irrespective of the underlying cause, inflammation, infection or pro-inflammatory cytokine mutation. sPIF reduces bronchopulmonary dysplasia following hyper-oxygenation. sPIF Reduces acute neurotrauma associated therapy side effects. Post-neurotrauma frequently there is a phase of significant apnea requiring exposure to high oxygen concentration. This standard of care aims to increase the oxygenated blood flow to the injured tissues assisting in the healing process. Due to the severity of the injury, the exposure to such high and prolonged levels of oxygen can lead to long-term damage including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). sPIF's protective effect against BPD development was compared to conditioned media derived from MSC isolated from Wharton's Jelly (WJMSC). WJMSC were grown in DMEM+10% FBS until 70% confluency then washed and grown in DMEM without FBS for 24 hrs, and supernatant was concentrated. Newborn WT mice were exposed to hyperoxia from post-natal day 1-4 (saccular stage of murine lung development) and allowed to recover in room air for 10 days. Mice were sacrificed on post-natal day 14. Newborn mice were injected subcutaneously or intranasally daily with the supernatant (10 ul/day), or sPIF (1 mg/k/d) for 4 consecutive days during hyperoxia. Alveolar size was estimated from the mean+/−SD chord length of the airspace (N=4 for each group) analyzed Student two-tailed unpaired t-test, P<0.05 considered statistically significant. Chord length is a morphometric estimate of alveolar size (shorter is better) known to be increased in BPD. Average cord length was 50.97 μm in control animals and 82.54 μm in BPD animals. Subcutaneous injection of sPIF and conditioned media significantly reduced alveolar space as demonstrated by shorter cord length of 66.81 μm (sPIF) and 62.80 μm (conditioned media; p<0.05) and improved alveolar architecture (FIG. 24 ). Intranasal injection of sPIF and conditioned media showed no benefit. sPIF and conditioned media from WJMSC delivered subcutaneously are effective in treating alveolar damage secondary to BPD. Data shows that sPIF presents a beneficial effect in addition to neurodamage protection reducing the possible lung injury that is associated with hyper-oxygenation. Such beneficial effect provides further evidence that sPIF could be an effective drug for neurotrauma and/or BPD.

Summary

As recent data emerged that the central and leading consequence of neurotrauma is the progressive and not fully timed, predictable and or quantifiable inflammatory response to injury. This response is recognized as being both local (brain and spinal cord) and systemic (lymph nodes and circulatory elements). Even a mild trauma can lead to long-term impairment. Due to PIF's endogenous (embryonic origin) and inherent regulatory function, in particular its comprehensive neuroprotective properties and effect on systemic circulation, it could be an effective drug to treat both local and systemic neurotrauma manifestations.

This stems from the following observations and support data generated.

First, PIF's protective effect on the embryo translates to adult clinically relevant preclinical models. The observed protective effect is due to sPIF targeting proteins which reduce oxidative stress and associated protein misfolding. Such pathways are critical for protecting against neurotrauma. Inflammation is the primary response of the CNS/neurotrauma and current therapy following injury results in progressive neurodegeneration in the long-term. Paradoxically, the aim to self-repair actually perpetuates the ensuing inflammation. Second, in acute and chronic settings, sPIF is effective in reversing brain injury, brain inflammation and spinal cord inflammation. Thus long-term effect of sPIF in the treatment of neurotrauma is evidenced by the reduced mortality and resolution of high grade paralysis.

The ability of sPIF to exert these beneficial effects stems from the fact that PIF has a unique integrated mechanistic effect targeting specific proteins in the brain (FIGS. 6-10 ). The ratio of proteins from the intact to injured site is clearly evident. These proteins are involved in protecting against oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. In order for sPIF to exert such an effect first it has to be able to penetrate the BBB both in the injured and healthy brain. As demonstrated following PIF administration, it was found within the brain in an intact form—not degraded (sequence documented). In the brain in order to exert the reparative effect.

sPIF targets microglia to reduce inflammation as well neural cells to promote neuroprotection. This neuroprotection is due to activation the endogenous stems cells to proliferate and differentiate. Further PIF also protects against the neurodegenerative effect of LPS by imparting neuroprotection thereby almost doubling the brain size as compared to controls. PIF targets the vascular system within the brain. Such a direct effect on the vascular system was demonstrated to protect against inflammation reducing platelet and macrophage attachment as shown in the APoE-E model of atherosclerosis. Thus through local action in the brain and spinal cord following injury, sPIF has a direct effect on inflammatory elements, nerve cells, and vascularity. As such sPIF offers an integrated effect on CNS damage.

Systemic immune response is usually a delayed reaction to the CNS/neurotrauma) injury. PIF prevents the access of inflammatory cells both to the brain and the spinal cord. Thereby CNS inflammation is not further amplified which would perpetuate damage. Systemic reduction in response to CNS damage is evidenced both at the cellular level where sPIF reduces draining lymph nodes prime pro-inflammatory IL-17 and IL-23 cytokines. This reduction is coupled by the decrease noted in circulating and spleen-secreted splenocytes as well pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Such cell and circulating elements together with reduced access to the brain and spinal cord constitute an integral systemic protection against neurotrauma.

Each of the experiments above will be performed with varied concentrations of PIF analogs disclosed herein. If the results are similar to those results obtained by using wild-type PIF, we can conclude that PIF analogs behave in a similar fashion to wild-type PIF (SEQ ID NO: 11).

Example 3: sPIF Treatment in Graft Versus Host Disease (GvHD) (Prophetic)

Peptide synthesis; Synthetic PIF (SEQ ID NOS: 1-10) will be obtained by solid-phase peptide synthesis employing Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) chemistry. Final purification will be carried out by reverse-phase HPLC and identity is verified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and amino acid analysis and purified to >95%, by HPLC, and documented by mass spectrometry.

Mice: C57BL/6(H-2b) male and female and (C57BL/6×BALB/c) F1 male, five- to six-week-old mice (GVHD studies) and seven- to eight-week old SJL mice (MS studies) will be purchased, and male and female seven- to eight-week-old NOD mice will be obtained.

GvHD model: Recipients (C57BL/6×BALB/c) F1 mice will receive lethal whole-body irradiation by a single dose of 1000 rad/dose and will be reconstituted with 5-8×10⁶ C57BL/6 bone marrow (BM) cells and 10-20×10⁶ spleen cells. BM from C57BL/6 donor mice will be collected by flushing of femur, humerus and tibia into 10% FCS/PBS. BM mononuclear cells will be isolated from the interface after centrifugation on a Ficoll-Hipaque gradient. Spleens will be crushed through 70 μm screens into 10% FCS/PBS. BM cells plus spleen cells will be inoculated intravenously into whole-body irradiated mice one-day post radiation. PIF-1 therapy (0.1-1 mg/kg/day) will be administered in three separate animal trials 5-10/group vs. control by implanting under anesthesia an Alzet® pump in the dorsal subcutaneous region at the day of transplant for one to two weeks providing continuous release of PIF-1. Evaluation of GvHD model animals will be carried out by examining body weight, skin lesions, animal survival, and histological examination. Animal weight will be examined every three days following BM transplantation, scoring for skin manifestations of GVHD will be carried out from day 12 post BMT up to four months. Skin and liver samples will be fixed in 10% formalin embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and evaluated for ulcers, in the former and lymphocyte infiltration in the latter. Results will be evaluated by X² and ANOVA.

Assay for chimerism: Mice will be anesthetized and blood taken from the retro-orbital sinus of she eye. WBC (2-8×10⁵/sample) will be separated, directly stained with anti-H-2K.sup.b-FITC (IgG_(2a)) or anti-H-2K._(d-)FITC (IgG_(2a)) monoclonal antibodies (mAb) (Serotec, USA), and analyzed by FACS analysis (FACStar plus, Becton Dickinson, San Jose, Calif., USA). Background binding of each H-2K-specific mAb will be determined by staining with it the cells of non-relevant haplotype.

GVHD Model experiment I. Following low-burden BMT, GVHD development, mice will be examined following PIF-analog therapy (0.1-1 mg/kg/day) given for one week using an implanted Alzet® pump followed by one month observation. We predict that the PIF-analog-treated mice, 0.1 or 1 mg/kg/day for one week, will not develop GVHD, while control mice will develop GVHD.

Model experiment II (FIG. 1 ). We will examine whether PIF-1 could prevent GVHD development in a higher-burden BMT (double number of spleen cells transplanted than the low-burden BMT). We predict that following exposure to PIF-1 (0.1-1 mg/kg/day) for two weeks, mice will be protected against GVHD.

GVHD Model experiment III (FIG. 3 ). We will examine whether short-term treatment can lead to long term survival after cessation of therapy. Following high-burden BMT, PIF-analog mg/kg/day for two weeks will be administered and mice will be followed for an additional three and one-half months without therapy. We predict that PIF analog-treated mice will survive in much greater numbers than control mice. We also predict that the PIF analog-treated mice will have significant protection from weight loss.

Example 4: sPIF Analog Treatment in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (Prophetic)

Materials and methods are the same as Example 2.

DM (adoptive transfer NOD) model. Male NOD mice will be irradiated (650 rad), and injected IV next day with 250 Mil spleen cells collected from female NOD diabetic mice. PIF analogs will be injected in two doses of about 0.83 mg/kg/day (N=5) and 2.73 mg/kg/day (N=7) for 28 days using an Alzet. pump, implanted subcutaneously providing continuous release of the peptide, followed by a 40-day observation period. Animals will be monitored for DM development by determining lasting glucose levels in both blood and urine. Results will be evaluated using ANOVA.

NOD diabetes model. We will examine the effect of PIF-1 in a different autoimmune model, NOD adoptive transfer. In this model, transfer of diabetic splenocytes from female to male mice leads progressively to the development of diabetes mellitus. Exposure to PIF-1 0.83-273 mg/kg/day for the first 28 days had a long-term protective effect against the destruction of pancreatic cells and the consequent high serum glucose levels. We predict that after 70 days, mice treated with PIF will not develop DM while control mice will develop diabetes, possibly in a time frame shorter than 70 days.

To further document PIF analogs immune-modulatory effects, we will use the NOD mouse adoptive transfer model, which results in the development of diabetes (rejected by high glucose levels) due to the destruction of the recipient's pancreas by transfer of autoreactive splenocytes from a diabetic mouse that targets specifically that organ. Using this aggressive model, we predict a long-term protection against DM development using PIF-1 therapy. Such a result would open the possibility of examining young adults that have recently developed DM in whom there has not been a total destruction of insulin-producing pancreas cells. Such an early intervention could lead to a decreased need for insulin administration, or even allow long-term oral anti-diabetic therapy.

Example 5: sPIF Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (Prophetic)

Materials and methods are the same as Example 2.

MS EAE model: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, SJL mice 7-8 weeks old will be injected in the tail base with 1:1 of 200 μg proteolytic protein peptide (PLP) together with 200 μg CFA and IFA (containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis). On the same day and two days later, mice will be injected IP with 250 ng pertussis toxin. Within nine days, animals typically develop paralysis. PIF analogs will be administered using a subcutaneously implanted Alzet® pump at 0.75 mg/kg/day for 28 days and its effect will be compared to a control group. Daily monitoring of the degree of paralysis (grade 0/no disease . . . 5/dead animal) occurred up to 40 days. PIF-1's protective effects will be calculated using the Mann-Whitney non parametric test.

MS model. We will further examine whether PIF analog therapy could be effective in an additional autoimmune model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in which the majority of the damage occurs in poorly accessible region of the body, the central nervous system. By exposing mice to a combination of a toxic agent (PLP) for the nervous system together with boosting further the inflammatory response with two additional types of bacterial-toxins led to rapid paralysis <10 days The experimental myeloencephalitis, EAE, is recognized as a highly relevant and acute model for MS. The exposure to auto-antigens coupled by induction with two bacterial immunogens leads to progressive paralysis within short term. We predict that treatment with PIF analogs will lead to a significant, reduction in the paralysis score across the observation period which persisted even two weeks after cessation of therapy compared to controls.

MS is believed to be the result of a genetic predisposition followed by a viral insult that leads to CD4+ autoreactive cells followed by differentiation to the T_(H1) phenotype. On the other hand, local damage to central nervous system may occur by CD8+ T cells, and other elements that are involved in the innate immune system. This leads to altered T_(H2) cytokines, regulatory T, and NK cells and IFN-γ secretion.

Example 6: PIF Analog Treatment in Crohn's Disease (Prophetic)

Assess effect of PIF analogs on PBMC isolated from patients with Chron's disease. Established patients PBMC will be isolated and cultured in the presence of PIF analog alone using a dose dependent design and in presence of +/−PHA, or CD3MAb/CD28Mab, used as mitogens, using Cloning media, serum free. After 24 hours of exposure PBMC culture media will be collected and tested for a) cytokine release, both TH1 and TH2, using the Luminex 10 package b) PIF receptor expression exposing to FITC-PIF and labeled-CD14, CD4, CD8, or CD58, or CD19MAb followed by flow cytometry) c) in selective cases, mRNA will be extracted and using an Affymetrix chip global genome analysis will be carried out. Results will be compared with PBMC similarly treated derived from normal volunteers.

Assess effect of PIF analogs on colon biopsy of patients with Crohn's disease. In parallel, to obtaining PBMC also biopsies from the same patients will be obtained during colonoscopy. Biopsy samples will be placed in culture to generate explants using RPM11640 medium. Explant cultures will be carried out for 24 hours in the presence of PIF 0-200 nM. Subsequently the media will be collected and analyzed for cytokines using the 10 multiplex Luminex system (TH1 and TH2). The tissue itself will be placed in formalin and will be analyzed for cytokine content using IHC, as well as immune cell type presence using flow cytometry and specific CD markers.

Example 7 Treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) (Prophetic)

Cultured bone marrow derived phagocytes will be exposed to PIF analogs (SEQ ID NO. 1 through 10 in therapeutically effective concentrations with and without interferon-gamma (phagocyte-activating cytokine). To assess efficacy in treating Mtb the cytokine response in the presence or absence of Kvl.3, a potassium channel inhibitor. MCP-1 (a chemokine) interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-5 are expected to be increased by Mtb; this induction will be expected to be augmented by PIF analogs and blocked by Kvl.3 inhibition. Modest augmentation of MIG and IP-10 chemokines when IFN activated phagocytes were exposed to Mtb will be measured in the presence and absence of PIF analogs. Inhibition of Kvl.3 will also be measured. PIF will induce VEGF and FGFp upregulation by Mtb (regardless of phagocyte activation by IFNy) and inhibition of Kvl.3 will augment this response. Levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-la, IL-Iβ, MlPlα and KC will be measured after inducion by Mtb, in the presence and absence of PIF analogs. it is expected that PIF analog-conditioned macrophages will exhibit an altered response to Mtb. If PIF analogs modulate the phagocyte response to Mtb and may therefore modulate disease development

Example 8 PIF Analogs Control MTb-Infected Macrophages

In vitro studies will use mouse bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and such cells will be exposed to Mtb+/−PIF analogs for 24 hrs in culture. Modulation of the phagocyte response to Mtb at low (nM) physiological PIF analog concentrations will be monitored. Pre-treatment with sPIF resulted in BMDCs augmented response to Mtb specifically: inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-la, IL-lb and IL-6 and chemokines MCP-1 MlPla and KC were increased. Importantly, PIF analogs will be tested to observe whether there is an increase the response of BMDC even in absence of pre-activation by interferon-γ. VEGF and FGFb (growth factors) levels will also be tested by PIF analogs, where increased levels of the growth factors suggest PIF analog capability to modulate the remodeling activity of BMDCs. Hence, PIF analogs may exert a potent anti-mycobacterial response that is evidenced both in absence and presence of acquired immunity as represented by interferon-γ pre-treatment.

Whether binding to Kvl.3b is also relevant in the BMDC context will be demonstrated by using an anti-Kvl.3 inhibitor. A number of PIF analogs will be tested by measuring induced cytokine and chemokine secretion patterns in the presence of the inhibitor. Collectively the in vitro and in vivo data (BMDC Mtb data) will support PIF analog efficacy to control Mtb infection.

Example 9 PIF Analogs Treat Atherosclerosis

To demonstrate the therapeutic potential of PIF analogs in treating atherosclerosis, male ApoE−/− mice will be fed a high fat Western diet containing 22% fat and 0.15% cholesterol for 7 weeks. Mice will then be randomly assigned to one of six clusters; 3 intervention groups of varied PIF doses, and 3 control groups of scrambled PIF negative control or PBS. Treatments will be administered via 150 μE i.p. injection every 3rd day, for a total of 7 weeks.

PIF (0.1 mg/kg/day treatment) will significantly reduce the plaque area in the aortic root by about 30% as compared to the PBS control (D, **p=0.0008). A greater reduction of 46% plaque area will in PIF (1 mg/kg/day) compared to PBS (D, ****p<0.0001). The higher dose of PIF also statistically significantly reduced plaque area compared to both doses of scrPIF (****p<0.0001). PIF 1 mg/kg/day treatment significantly reduced the plaque area of the aortic arch by 43% compared to the PBS control (E, **p<0.002). A reduction result will indicate that was again also efficacy of the PIF analogs with the statistic analysis (***p=0.0005 or **** p<0.0001) Reduction of VCAM-1, MCP-1, CD68 and lipi levels will be measured in the aortic root and arch.

In conclusion, PIF analogs will reduce atherosclerosis formation in a mouse model that is prone to the disease and is fed a high fat diet. The protection will be direct and lead to reduced atherosclerotic plaques on both the aortic arch and root-target sites in PIF analogs behave in a similar fashion to wild-type PIF. A decrease in fat accumulation will be measured in the animals, as well as a decrease in inflammatory macrophages and a lower number of fat foam cells. The protective effect will not be related to changes in circulating lipids, if, after measuring the lipid levels did not change following PIF analog administration.

Example 10 PIF Analog Treatment of Peritonitis

To demonstrate that PIF inhibits MCP-1 induced monocyte migration, a mouse peritonitis model study will be conducted. In this model, 8-12 weeks old C57bl6 mice will be injected with either PIF analog, srambled PIF sequence negative contorl (0.3 nmol/g i.p.) or PBS as a vehicle control. Peritonitis will be induced by injecting 3 ml 4% thioglycolate i.p. and after 20 hours, the mice will be anaesthetized and the peritoneal cavity will be flushed with 5 ml sterile PBS. Subsequently, monocytes and macrophages were quantified with F4/80 and CD1 lb in flow cytometry.

As shown in FIG. 6 , the results may show that PIF (1 μM & 10 μM) significantly reduces MCP-1 induced transmigration of THP-1 cells in an in vitro transwell migration assay (*p<0.01). PIF further inhibited leukocyte adhesion and rolling in mesenteric venules in intravital microscopy using the peritonitis model as described in and cell staining with rhodamine.

Example 11

Healthy pregnancy requires coordination of several soluble factors acting individually or in synergy with each other. Examples of those soluble factors include HLA-G, cytokines, and progesterone. The soluble factors are secreted during infection, which affects fetal development and often causes complications which may result in abortive pregnancy. PIF analogs may exert an autocrine trophic protective effect on the embryo and promotes embryo implantation and trophoblast invasion similar to wild-type PIF. A determination will be made as to whether PIF analogs affect LPS-induced nitrous oxide (NO) secretion by macrophages and how PIF analogs may limit macrophage responses to LPS, which is the major endotoxin of gram negative bacteria.

A macrophage cell line will be cultured with 200 nM PIF (synthetic PIF analog) for 2 and 5 days. In the last 24 hours of the experiment, LPS will be added to the culture for cell activation. A Greiss reagent test was performed to detect NO secretion to the supernatant. Surface Plasmon Resonance spectroscopy (SPR) will be used to evaluate LPS and LPS receptors binding (TLR4-MD2 and CD 14) to the PIF analog-labeled sensor surface. Two chemotypes of LPS (From E. coli 055:B5 and E. coli EH100) at least 3 concentrations (5, 25 and 100 μM) will be tested.

If PIF analogs significantly down-regulated NO production following LPS activation the effect at 2 days will be more pronounced than at 5 days (P<0.05). Preliminary results indicated an apparent absence of binding of immobilized native or wild-type PIF to both LPS chemotypes tested; similarly, no binding was observed to the scrambled PIF sequence negative control used as the control (random peptide of same amino acid in random order). To ascertain PIF's structural integrity, a PIF-specific antibody will be incubated with purified PIF analogs and results showed that the antibody bound to PIF analogs. Under the conditions set up for the SPR analysis, PIF analogs may not exhibit no apparent LPS binding.

In conclusion, PIF analogs may block NO secretion, a major LPS-induced reactive nitrogen intermediate produced by iNOS, which is an enzyme absent in resting macrophages. PIF does not bind directly LPS, but its action might involve binding to LPS-associated receptors such as CD14, MD2 and macrophage scavenger receptor (SR). Such data supports a targeted anti-inflammatory effect of PIF analogs on the innate immune system.

Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, other versions are possible. Therefore the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description and the preferred versions contain within this specification. Any patent applications or other journal articles disclosed herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE PATENT DISCLOSURE

-   BPD Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia -   FDA Food & Drug Administration -   NK Natural Killer -   OEF Operation Enduring Freedom -   OIF Operation Iraqi Freedom -   OND Operation New Dawn -   PBS Phosphate buffered saline -   PIF PreImplantation Factor -   sPIF Synthetic PreImplantation Factor -   SC Spinal Cord -   SCI Spinal Cord Injury -   TI Traumatic Injury 

1. A composition comprising a PIF analog comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 93% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the PIF analog comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 93% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: i) a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the PIF analog comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 93% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from about 1 milligram to about 4 grams.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is about 70 milligrams.
 7. A method of treating or preventing autoimmune disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising: i) a therapeutically effective amount of a pre-implantation factor (PIF) analog, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is sterile and pyrogen-free water or sterile and pyrogen-free Lactated ringer's solution.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1.0 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 5.0 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the PIF analog is any one or plurality of: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6 SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or SEQ ID NO: 10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of administering to the subject at least one pharmaceutical composition comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg.
 13. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of administering to the subject at least one pharmaceutical composition comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the PIF analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.
 14. A method of treating or preventing diabetes in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising: i) a therapeutically effective amount of a pre-implantation factor (PIF) analog, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is sterile and pyrogen-free water or sterile and pyrogen-free Lactated ringer's solution.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1.0 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 5.0 mg/kg, wherein kg is kilograms of the subject and mg is milligrams of the therapeutically effective dose.
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the PIF analog is any one or plurality of: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6 SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or SEQ ID NO: 10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered via intravenously, intramuscularly, topically, intradermally, transmucosally, subcutaneously, sublingually, transdermally, orally, buccally, intraocularly, intravaginally, intrarectally, intraductally, intrathecally, subdurally, extradurally, intraventricularly, intraarticularly, intraperitoneally, into the pleural cavity, by inhalation, by depot injections, or by implants.
 20. A method of binding an insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising: i) a therapeutically effective amount of a pre-implantation factor (PIF) analog, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the PIF analog is any one or plurality of: SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6 SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or SEQ ID NO: 10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 